當代中文語法點全集
當代中文語法點全集（二版）
Table of Contents
▎Answering Questions in Chinese
▎按照, ànzhào, (Prep), in accordance with
▎吧, ba, (Ptc), Making Suggestions
▎把, bǎ, (Ptc), To Dispose of Something (1)
▎把, bǎ, (Ptc), Moving an Object to a Location (2)
▎把, bǎ, (Ptc), with V1V2V3 (3)
▎把, bǎ, (Ptc), V(一)V, Disposal with Verb Reduplication (4)
▎把, bǎ, (Ptc), with Resultative Complements (5)
▎把, bǎ, (Ptc), Unintentional Event (6)
▎把 A 當做 B, (bǎ A dàngzuò B), to treat or take A as B (7)
▎白, bái, (Adv), in vain, all for nothing
▎幫, bāng, (Prep), on behalf of
▎被, bèi, (Ptc), A Passive Marker (See 受 shòu entry also)
▎比, bĭ, (Prep), Comparison (1)
▎比, bĭ, (Prep), Intensifying a State with 一 M 比一 M, more and more X, more X than the last (2)
▎比較, bĭjiào, (Adv), Implicit Comparison (3)
▎畢竟, bìjìng, (Adv), after all, to Urge Concession
▎別再…了, bié zài...le, stop doing it
▎並, bìng, (Adv), 並＋Negation, Contrary to Expectation
▎不, bù, vs. 沒, méi, Negation (1)
▎不, bù, Negative Potential Complement (2)
▎-部-bù, or -邊-biān, Locative Markers
▎不但 A，還 B, (búdàn (Conj) A, hái (Adv) B), not only A, but also B
▎不但 A，而且 B, (búdàn (Conj) A, érqiĕ (Conj) B), not only A but also B
▎不得不, bùdébù, have no choice but to...
▎不管 A 都 B, (bùguǎn (Conj) A dōu (Adv) B), regardless of whether or not
▎不見得, bújiàndé, (Adv), not necessarily
▎不禁, bùjīn, (Adv), uncontrollably, cannot help but...
▎不如, bùrú, (Vst), not as good as
▎不是 A 就是 B, (bú shì A jiù shì B), if it’s not A, then it’s B
▎不是 A，而是 B, (bú shì A, ér shì B), not A; rather B
▎不說, bùshuō, in S1 不說，S2 也yĕ, not merely, but also (complaining)
▎不停, bù tíng, as in Verb＋個不停, keep on
▎不再…了, (bú zài...le), not...any more
▎不只, bùzhĭ, (Adv), not merely, exceeding
▎不至於, búzhìyú, (Adv), but the situation would not be so bad as to...
▎才, cái, (Adv), merely, only (1)
▎才, cái, (Adv), longer/later than expected (2)
▎才, cái, (Adv), then and only then (3)
▎才, cái, (Adv), to outrightly deny (4)
▎才 A 就 B, (cái A jiù B), only just A, and B already (5)
▎曾經, céngjīng, (Adv), experience in the past, V’ed before
▎差不多, chàbùduō, (Vs, Adv), In Various Functions
▎差一點（就）, chàyìdiǎn (jiù), (Adv), almost
▎趁, chèn, (Prep), seize the moment
▎成, chéng, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, to become, to turn into (1)
▎成, chéng, (Ptc), As a verb complement, successful(ly) (2)
▎成語, chéngyŭ, 四字格, Four-Character Phrases
▎出, chū, (Ptc), Verb Particle, to have emerged
▎出來, chūlái, as Verb Complement, to figure out
▎除了 A，還 B, (chúle (Prep) A, hái (Adv) B), in addition to
▎Complement of Intensification in Comparison Structures (1)
▎Complements, 極了jíle, 得不得了de bùdéliǎo, 得很de hěn, terribly, extremely (2)
▎從 A 到 B, (cóng (Prep) A dào (Prep) B), from A to B
▎從 A 往 B, (cóng (Prep) A wǎng (Prep) B), go B from A
▎從…起, (cóng (Prep)...qĭ (Ptc)), starting from...
▎從來, cónglái, (Adv), 從來＋Negation, never
▎當…的時候, (dāng...de shíhòu), when, while, at the time of
▎到, dào, (Prep), Destination Marker (1)
▎到, dào, (Prep), Destination Marker for Movement Verbs (2)
▎到, dào, (Prep), Post-verbal Preposition, up to, till (3)
▎到, dào, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, to be successful in... (4)
▎到底, dàodĭ, (Adv), after all? how on earth...?
▎倒是, dàoshì, (Adv), on the other hand
▎得, de, (Ptc), Complement Marker (1)
▎得, de, (Ptc), Complement Marker, used in comparing the results of actions (2)
▎得, de, (Ptc), Complement Marker, so...that... (3)
▎的, de, (Ptc), Possessive Marker (1)
▎的, de, (Ptc), Modifier Marker (2)
▎的, de, (Ptc), with the Head Noun Omitted (3)
▎的, de, (Ptc), to Mark Assurance, co-occurring often with 會huì (Vaux) (4)
▎的時候, de shíhòu, when, at the time of
▎等, děng, (Ptc), enumeration particle, etc...
▎等 A 就 B, (děng A jiù B), when A comes, then B
▎掉, diào, (Ptc), Verb Particle, separated from
▎Directional Constructions V1 V2 and V1 V2 V3
▎懂, dŏng, (Vs, Vp), Complement Indicating Cognitive Ability as a Result
▎動, dòng, (Vp), used as a verb complement, capable of causing movement
▎動不動就, dòngbúdòng jiù, whenever one pleases to do something impetuously
▎都, dōu, (Adv), totality, all (1)
▎都, dōu, (Adv), expressing displeasure, annoyance or surprise (2)
▎對 A 有 B, (duì (Prep) A yŏu (Vst) B), to be B in A
▎對…來說, (duì (Prep)...lái shuō), as far as...is concerned, for
▎對…講究, (duì (Prep)...jiăngjiù (Vst)), to be discerning, discriminating, particular about
▎對於, duìyú, (Prep, Ptc), towards, regarding (1)
▎對於…而言, (duìyú (Prep)...ér yán), as far as... is concerned (2)
▎多, duō, (Vs), more than, over, and some (1)
▎多, duō, (Adv), as in 多＋Verb, more... than planned (2)
▎多, duó, (Adv), intensifying, how...! (3)
▎多少, duōshǎo, (Adv), likely, at least
▎而且, érqiĕ, (Conj), furthermore
▎Existential Sentence with Posture Verbs (1)
▎Existential Sentence with 有yǒu (2)
▎反而, fǎn’ér, (Adv), on the contrary
▎反正, fǎnzhèng, (Adv), at any rate, anyway
▎方面, fāngmiàn, (N), as in 在…方面, with respect to; regarding
▎非…不可, (fēi...bùkĕ), it is imperative that
▎Four-Character Phrases (See 成語chéngyŭ)
▎V 個夠, V ge gòu, to have a full dosage of an activity
▎各 V 各的, (gè V gè de), each doing her/his own...
▎給, gĕi, (Prep), Various Meanings (1)
▎給, gĕi, (Prep), Indirect Object Marker (2)
▎給…帶來, (gěi (Prep)...dàilái), to bring...to (3)
▎跟, gēn, (Prep), Companionship (1)
▎跟, gēn, (Prep), Various Meanings of the Preposition (2)
▎跟…一樣, (gēn (Prep)...yíyàng), Comparison
▎跟 B 有關的 A, (gēn (Prep) B yŏuguān de A), A that relates to B, A that concern B
▎根本, gēnbĕn, (Adv), not...at all, absolutely not
▎更, gèng, (Adv), Intensification in Comparison, even more so
▎更別說 B 了, (gèng bié shuō B le), let alone, never mind
▎慣, guàn, (Ptc), indicating ‘getting used to a routine’
▎光 A 就 B, (guāng (Adv) A jiù (Adv) B), just A alone...
▎關於, guānyú, (Vs, Ptc), about, regarding
▎過, guò, (Ptc), Experience Aspect (1)
▎過, guò, (Ptc), Phase Aspect Marker, Completion of Action (2)
▎還, hái, (Adv), still (unchanged, incomplete) (1)
▎還, hái, (Adv), to my surprise (2)
▎還是 A 吧, (háishì (Adv) A ba (Ptc)), it will be better if A, it would be best if A
▎好, hǎo, as in 好＋Verb, nice to, easy to (1)
▎好, hǎo, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, all set and ready (2)
▎好不容易, hǎobù róngyì , (idiom), only after a tremendous amount of...
▎何況, hékuàng, (Adv), let alone, no need to mention
▎很, hĕn, (Adv), Intensification Marker
▎恨不得, hènbùdé, one really wishes one could...
▎後來, hòulái, (Adv), next in sequence
▎會, huì, (Vaux), aquired skills, can, able to (1)
▎會, huì, (Vaux), likelihood (2)
▎會, huì, (Vaux), as Verb Complement (3)
▎既 A 又 B, (jì (Adv) A yòu (Adv) B), not only A, but also B
▎既然 A 就 B, (jìrán (Conj) A jiù (Adv) B), Concession, since A then B
▎見, jiàn, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, perceieved
▎漸漸, jiànjiàn, (Adv), gradually, slowly
▎簡直, jiǎnzhí, (Adv), to put it simply and plainly, it seems as if
▎叫, jiào, (V), Imperative Verb
▎結果, jiéguǒ, (Adv), consequently, (Conj), in the end
▎竟然, jìngrán, (Adv), to the speaker’s great surprise, unbelievably
▎就, jiù, (Adv), sooner than expected (1)
▎就, jiù, (Adv), in V 了 A 就 B, (V le A jiù B), do B right after doing A (2)
▎就, jiù, (Adv), on the contrary (3)
▎就算S1，也S2, (jiùsuàn S1, yĕ S2), even if S1, would S2, no matter how
▎就要…了, (jiù yào... le), will soon
▎居然, jūrán, (Adv), to one’s surprise
▎看, kàn, (V), as in V V看, to try and see, to try out (1)
▎靠, kào, (V / Prep), to rely on, by means of
▎可, kĕ, (Adv), but on the other hand, stating a mild warning
▎可見, kĕjiàn, (Conj), it can thus be concluded that...
▎可以, kĕyĭ, (Vaux), Permission (1)
▎可以, kĕyĭ, (Vaux), Possibility (2)
▎恐怕, kǒngpà, (Adv), probably, I’m afraid that
▎來, lái, (V), as in 來＋VP, to come to do something (1)
▎來, lái, as a verb complement, to get along well, to be able to relate to each other well (2)
▎了1, le, (Ptc), Completed Action (1)
▎了1 , le, (Ptc), Followed by Time-Duration (2)
▎了2, le, (Ptc), Change in Situation (3)
▎了2 , (Ptc), in 快…了, kuài...le, about to (4)
▎了1…了2, (le (Ptc)... le (Ptc)), Completion-to-date (5)
▎連 A 都 B, (lián (Prep) A dōu (Adv) B), even
▎了, liǎo, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, capability
▎嗎, ma, (Ptc), Asking Questions (1)
▎嗎, ma, (Ptc), Confrontational (2)
▎嘛, ma, (Ptc), isn’t it obvious that
▎滿, mǎn, (Vs), as Verb Complement, crowded with (1)
▎滿, mǎn, (Vpt), to reach a ceiling (2)
▎Measures, (nominal), Units for Counting Nouns in Chinese (1)
▎Measures, (verbal), 下xià, 趟tàng, 遍biàn, and 次cì (2)
▎Measure 一M一M as Manner, one at a time
▎沒有, méi yǒu, as used in Inferior Comparison
▎每, mĕi, (Det), each and every (1)
▎每, mĕi, (Det), as in 每＋Time Expression, Frequency (2)
▎免得, miǎnde, (Adv), lest, so as to avoid
▎明明, míngmíng, (Adv), it should be obvious to everyone that...
▎拿…來說, (ná (Prep)...lái shuō), take...as an example
▎哪裡, nǎlĭ, (Adv), rhetorical question
▎難道, nándào, (Adv), how could it possibly be true
▎難怪, nánguài, (Adv), no wonder
▎難免, nánmiǎn, (Adv), inevitably, it is only natural that
▎難以, nányĭ, (Vaux), to find it difficult to...
▎呢, ne, (Ptc), Contrastive tag Questions
▎能1, néng, (Vaux), Capability (1)
▎能2, néng, (Vaux), Permission (2)
▎能3, néng, (Vaux), Possibility (3)
▎寧可 A 也要 B, (níngkĕ (Adv) A, yĕ (Adv) yào (Vaux) B), would rather A , in order to B
▎弄, nòng, (V), General Pro-Verb (1)
▎弄, nòng, (V), General Causative Verb (2)
▎Omission of Nouns at 2nd Mention
▎偏偏, piānpiān, (Adv), contrary to expectation, deliberately, annoyingly
▎Pronouns Interrogative to Refer to All-inclusion or All- exclusion (1)
▎Pronouns Interrogative in Non-committal Stance (2)
▎起, qĭ, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, to be able to afford (1)
▎起, qĭ, (Ptc), as Verb Particle, to touch upon (2)
▎起來, qĭlái, as Verb Complement, assessment of situations (1)
▎起來, qĭlái, as Verb Complement in 想起來xiǎngqĭlái, to have remembered (2)
▎起來, qĭlái, as Verb Complement, with inchoative meaning (3)
▎去, qù, (Vi), as in 去＋VP, to go do something
▎讓, ràng, (V), to let someone do something
▎Reduplication of Verbs, to indicate softened action (1)
▎Reduplication of State Verbs for Intensification (2)
▎Reduplication of Disyllabic State Verbs (3)
▎Reduplication of Disyllabic Verbs for Tentative Action (4)
▎Reduplication of Verbs in V了V (5)
▎Relatve Clause A 的 B, Clause as Modifier of Noun
▎仍然, réngrán, (Adv), still the same, same as before
▎Repetition of Verbs, as in V 來 V 去, (V lái V qù) , repetitively, back and forth
▎似乎, sìhū, (Adv), it seems that, it gives somebody the impression that
▎上, shàng, (V), Various Meanings of the Verb (1)
▎上, shàng, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, coming into contact (2)
▎上, shàng, (Ptc), as in 在 NP 上, regarding NP (3)
▎誰知道, sheí zhīdào, who would have thought that...?
▎什麼都…，就是…, (shénme dōu..., jiùshì...), everything but...
▎是, shì, (Ptc), it is indeed true that
▎是…的, shì...de, to Focus, it was A that B
▎是不是, shìbúshì, is it the case that...?
▎使得, shĭde, (Vst), expressing causation, so as to make
▎受, shòu, (Vst), a Passive Marker (see also 被bèi entry)
▎受到…影響, (shòudào...yĭngxiǎng), to be influenced by, affected by
▎說, shuō, (V), speak, vs. 談, tán, (V), talk
▎說 A 就 A, (shuō A jiù A), happening instantly without prior warning
▎死了, sĭle, A Post-Verbal Intensifier, terribly
▎算了, suànle, forget it, drop it
▎算是, suànshì, (V), can be considered...
▎隨著 S1，S2 也, (suízhe (Prep) S1, S2 yě (Adv)), as a consequence of
▎太…了, tài (Adv)...le, overly, excessively
▎Time-When vs. Time-Duration (2)
▎Time-Duration ‘for a period of time’ (3)
▎透過, tòuguò, (Prep), by means of
▎完, wán, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, completion of action
▎萬一, wànyī, (Adv), supposing, in the event of something negative
▎往往, wǎngwǎng, (Adv), usually, tend to
▎為, wèi, (Prep), Beneficiary Marker, beneficiary of an action
▎為了, wèile, (Prep), in order to
▎無論 A 都 B, (wúlùn (Conj) A dōu (Adv) B ), regardless of what...
▎無所謂, wúsuǒwèi, (Vs), does not matter
▎下, xià, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, enough space to accommodate
▎下來, xiàlái, a summary of the various meanings of the verb complement 下來
▎下去, xiàqù, as Verb Complement, to keep on doing something
▎先 A 再 B, (xiān (Adv) A zài (Adv) B), first A, and then B
▎A 像 B 一樣, (A xiàng B yíyàng), A is just like B
▎像…的＋Noun, (xiàng...de＋Noun), such (nouns) as
▎幸虧, xìngkuī, (Adv), fortunately
▎要是 A 就 B, (yàoshì A jiù B), Condition and Consequence
▎以, yĭ, (Prep), classical Chinese, indicating instrument
▎以後, yĭhòu, (N), in the future, after (Also see 後來hòulái)
▎一 A 就 B, (yì A jiù B), as soon as
▎一般來說, yìbān láishuō, generally speaking
▎一邊 A 一邊 B, (yìbiān A yìbiān B), connecting two simultaneous events, doing A and B at the same time
▎一點, yìdiǎn, (N), a bit, a little
▎一點也不 V, (yìdiǎn yĕ bù V), emphatic negation
▎一方面 A，一方面 B, (yì fāngmiàn A, yì fāngmiàn B), doing A on the one hand, B on the other
▎一口氣, yìkǒuqì, in one breath, without interruption
▎一來 A，二來 B, (yìlái A, èrlái B), on the one hand A, and on the other B; firstly A, secondly B
▎一連, yìlián, (Adv), without interruption, in rapid succession
▎一下 A，一下 B, (yíxià A, yíxià B), referring to alternating events
▎一向, yíxiàng, (Adv), all along, has always...
▎以為, yĭwéi, (Vst), to have wrongly thought that...
▎因為 A，所以 B, (yīnwèi (Conj) A, suǒyĭ (Conj) B), to express cause and effect
▎因為 A 才 B, (yīnwèi (Conj) A cái (Adv) B), only because A, B...; B is true, only since A is like this
▎因為 NP，S..., (yīnwèi (Prep) NP, S...), because of NP, S...
▎因為 A 而 B, (yīnwèi (Conj) A ér (Adv) B), therefore, consequently
▎由, yóu, (Prep), Introducing an Agent, an Actor
▎有, yǒu, (Vst), to possess, to have, to own (1)
▎有, yǒu, (Vs), to mark the existence of a subject, there’s someone, there’s something... (3)
▎有時候 A, 有時候 B, (yǒu shíhòu A, yǒu shíhòu B), sometimes A, and sometimes B
▎有助於, yǒu zhù yú, be conducive to
▎又 A 又 B, (yòu (Adv) A yòu (Adv) B), both A and B
▎與其 A，不如 B, (yŭqí (Conj) A, bùrú (Conj) B), would rather B than A
▎於是, yúshì, (Conj), thus, consequently, thereupon
▎越 A 越 B, (yuè (Adv) A yuè (Adv) B), the more A, the more B
▎在, zài, (Prep), Locative Marker, at, located at, situated at (1)
▎在, zài, (Prep), Marking the Location of an Activity (2)
▎在, zài, (Vs), Progressive, On-going Actions, at Ving, is in the middle of V＋ing (3)
▎在, zài, as Verb Complement, Resultant Location (4)
▎在…方面, (zài...fāngmiàn), with respect to; regarding (See 方面fāngmiàn)
▎在…下, (zài...xià), under the..., due to the...
▎再 A 也 B, (zài A yĕ B), no matter how A, still B
▎再不 A 就 B 了, (zài bù A jiù B le),urgent conditional, if A doesn’t happen now, B is sure to follow
▎再加上, zài jiāshàng, furthermore
▎再說, zàishuō, (Conj), besides, moreover
▎早就…了, (zǎo jiù...le), long since...
▎怎麼, zĕnme, (Adv), asking how, asking about a manner of doing things, how, in what way
▎怎麼這麼, zĕnme zhème, why so...?
▎占, zhàn, (Vst), to constitute
▎照, zhào, (Adv), deliberately, persist in
▎這麼說, zhème shuō, that being the case, in that case
▎這下子, zhèxiàzi, that being the case, as a consequence
▎這樣一來, zhèyàng yìlái, that being the case, that way
▎著, zhe, (Ptc), ongoing, continuative action, in the state of V＋ing (1)
▎著, zhe, (Ptc), used in Manner of an Action (2)
▎著, zhe, (Ptc), repeated, as in V 著 V 著，就…了, (V zhe V zhe, jiù...le), while doing A, B happens (3)
▎V 著玩, V zhe wán, do something just for fun
▎只不過…(而已), (zhĭ búguò...(éryĭ)), merely...; nothing more than...
▎只好, zhĭhǎo, (Adv), concession, could only, have no choice but to
▎只要 A，就 B, (zhĭyào (Conj) A, jiù (Adv) B), B is true, as long as A is true.
▎只有 A，才 B, (zhĭyǒu A, cái B), can not B, unless A
▎至於, zhìyú, (Ptc), introducing a new topic, as to, as far as... is concerned
▎中, zhōng, a summary of the various meanings
▎自從…以後, (zìcóng (Prep)...yĭhòu (N)), ever since...
▎總是, zǒngshì, (Adv), always, in all cases, without exception