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@ 50729 藏傳佛教
A 記得上次你說在看關於藏傳佛教的書。
jìde shàngcì nǐ shuō zài kàn guānyú zàngchuán fójiào de shū.
I remember last time you said you were looking at a book on Tibetan Buddhism.
B 嗯，感興趣嘛，所以找一些書來看。
ng4, gǎnxìngqù ma, suǒyǐ zhǎo yīxiē shū láikàn.
Oh, I'm interested in it, so I found a few books to read.
A 我也對它挺感興趣的，正好可以請教你一下。聽說藏傳佛教和文成公主有關係，是嗎？
wǒ yě duì tā tǐng gǎnxìngqù de, zhènghǎo kěyǐ qǐngjiào nǐ yīxià. tīngshuō zàngchuán fójiào hé wénchéng gōngzhǔ yǒuguānxì, shì ma?
I'm also really interested in it. It's great, because now I can ask you about it. I've heard that Tibetan Buddhism is somehow related to Princess Wencheng. Is that right?
B 對，雖然對於它的起源還有別的說法，但是現在大家比較認同的一點就是當時的藏王娶了尼泊爾公主和唐朝的文成公主，兩位公主都帶去了佛像、佛經。藏王在他們的影響下皈依佛教，從此佛教進入了西藏。
duì, suīrán duìyú tā de qǐyuán hái yǒu biéde shuōfǎ, dànshì xiànzài dàjiā bǐjiào rèntóng de yīdiǎn jiùshì dāngshí de zàngwáng qǔ le Níbóěr gōngzhǔ hé tángcháo de wénchéng gōngzhǔ, liǎng wèi gōngzhǔ dōu dàiqù le fóxiàng, fójīng. zàngwáng zài tāmen de yǐngxiǎng xià guīyī fójiào , cóngcǐ fójiào jìnrù le Xīzàng.
Yes. Although there are other explanations of its origins, there is general agreement these days that the King of Tibet married a Nepalese princess and Princess Wencheng of the Tang dynasty. The two princesses both brought Buddhist images and texts. Under their influence, the King of Tibet converted to Buddhism. In this way, Buddhism entered Tibet.
A 愛情的力量真大啊。
àiqíng de lìliang zhēn dà ā.
Love is really powerful, huh.
B 也不光是這樣。藏王皈依以後，開始在西藏興建寺廟，弘揚佛教。在那之後又過了一百多年，佛教又直接從印度傳入西藏，更加推動了它的發展。而佛教也從外來宗教慢慢變成了有西藏特色的藏傳佛教。
yě bùguāng shì zhèyàng. zàngwáng guīyī yǐhòu, kāishǐ zài Xīzàng xīngjiàn sìmiào, hóngyáng fójiào. zài nà zhīhòu yòu guò le yībǎiduōnián , fójiào yòu zhíjiē cóng Yìndù chuánrù Xīzàng, gèngjiā tuīdòng le tā de fāzhǎn. ér fójiào yě cóng wàilái zōngjiào mànmàn biànchéng le yǒu Xīzàng tèsè de zàngchuán fójiào.
But it wasn't just that. After the King of Tibet converted, he started to build temples in Tibet and to promote Buddhism. After that, another hundred years passed, and Buddhism was directly transmitted from India to Tibet, further spurring its development. So Buddhism gradually changed from a foreign religion into Buddhism with Tibetan characteristics.
A 那藏傳佛教和中原佛教主要的區別是什麼呢？我總感覺藏傳佛教相比之下非常神祕。
nà zàngchuán fójiào hé zhōngyuán fójiào zhǔyào de qūbié shì shénme ne? wǒ zǒng gǎnjué zàngchuán fójiào xiāngbǐzhīxià fēicháng shénmì.
So what are the main differences between Tibetan Buddhism and the original Buddhism? I've always felt that Tibetan Buddhism is much more mysterious.
B 藏傳佛教融合了很多西藏當地的文化、習俗和政治因素，再加上它選用的經文也不同，所以在信仰體系、修行的方法和具體的目的上都有所不同。總的來說，藏傳佛教對喇嘛異常的尊崇、有活佛轉世的思想、教派繁多，而且宗教與政治緊密結合；還有它的儀式也特別複雜。這些都是比較明顯的區別。
zàngchuán fójiào rónghé le hěn duō Xīzàng dāngdì de wénhuà xísú hé zhèngzhì yīnsù, zài jiāshang tā xuǎnyòng de jīngwén yě bùtóng, suǒyǐ zài xìnyǎng tǐxì, xiūxíng de fāngfǎ hé jùtǐ de mùdì shàng dōu yǒusuǒbùtóng. zǒngdeláishuō, zàngchuán fójiào duì lǎmā yìcháng de zūnchóng, yǒu huófó zhuǎnshì de sīxiǎng, jiàopài fánduō, érqiě zōngjiào yǔ zhèngzhì jǐnmì jiéhé; hái yǒu tā de yíshì yě tèbié fùzá . zhèxiē dōu shì bǐjiào míngxiǎn de qūbié.
Tibetan Buddhism fused a lot of local Tibetan culture, customs and political factors. Plus, its holy texts are different, and so the belief systems, methods and concrete goals all have some differences. In summary, Tibetan Buddhism has great respect for Lamas, with a belief in the reincarnation of living Buddhas. There are a lot of sects, and a close connection between religion and government. Also, its rites are really complicated. These are all some relatively obvious differences.
A 喇嘛就是藏傳佛教中的老師，對嗎？
lǎmā jiùshì zàngchuán fójiào zhōng de lǎoshī, duì ma?
Lamas are the teachers of Tibetan Buddhism, right?
B 嗯，他們的學識和等級都很高。由於藏傳佛教特別注重師徒傳承的方式，所以作為老師和智者的喇嘛地位自然就非常崇高了。
ng4, tāmen de xuéshí hé děngjí dōu hěn gāo. yóuyú zàngchuán fójiào tèbié zhùzhòng shītú chuánchéng de fāngshì, suǒyǐ zuòwéi lǎoshī hé zhìzhě de lǎma dìwèi zìrán jiù fēicháng chónggāo le.
Oh, their knowledge and level are really high. Since Tibetan Buddhism puts a lot of importance on the transmission of knowledge from master to student. So lamas, who serve as teachers and sages, are naturally very highly respected.
A 哦，原來如此。不過地位最高的應該是活佛吧？
ō, yuánlái rúcǐ. bùguò dìwèi zuìgāo de yīnggāi shì huófó ba?
Oh, so that's how it is. But the one with the highest status is the living Buddha, right?
B 沒錯。這也是藏傳佛教的一個特點，它相信菩薩在人間有一個肉身，而這個肉身就是活佛，當然就是最至高無上的人物。而活佛圓寂後會轉世，他的弟子便會通過一系列的方法去尋找、認定轉世的靈童。現在，大概有上萬個活佛吧。
méicuò. zhè yěshì zàngchuán fójiào de yī ge tèdiǎn, tā xiāngxìn púsà zài rénjiān yǒu yī ge ròushēn, ér zhège ròushēn jiùshì huófó, dāngrán jiùshì zuì zhìgāowúshàng de rénwù. ér huófó yuánjì hòu huì zhuǎnshì, tā de dìzǐ biàn huì tōngguò yīxìliè de fāngfǎ qù xúnzhǎo, rèndìng zhuǎnshì de língtóng . xiànzài, dàgài yǒu shàng wàn ge huófó ba.
Right. This is a characteristic of Tibetan Buddhism. It holds that the Buddha has a human body, this living body is a living Buddha. Of course, he is the supreme person. And after the living Buddha dies, he will be re-incarnated. His disciples will use a series of measures to find him, and to verify the reincarnated holy child. There are currently about ten thousand living Buddhas.
A 那麼多啊！我還以為是鳳毛麟角，就那麼一兩個人呢。
nàme duō ā! wǒ hái yǐwéi shì fèngmáolínjiǎo, jiù nàme yī liǎng gè rén ne.
So many! I thought they were extremely rare, just one or two of them maybe.
B 活佛也分等級的。幾個大的教派裡的最高等轉世活佛的地位在整個宗教裡的地位都很高，也會得到信徒們的頂禮膜拜。
huófó yě fēn děngjí de. jǐge dà de jiàopài lǐ de zuì gāoděng zhuǎnshì huófó de dìwèi zài zhěnggè zōngjiào lǐ de dìwèi dōu hěn gāo, yě huì dédào xìntú men de dǐnglǐmóbài.
There are ranks within the living Buddhas. A few of the highest reincarnated living Buddhas in the biggest sects have extremely high status in the entire religion. And they also have disciples who come to pay homage.
A 嗯，藏傳佛教的信徒好像特別虔誠。你看他們朝聖的時候，一步一叩，五體投地的膜拜姿勢，就知道他們有多虔誠了。而且在朝聖之路上，他們始終保持這樣的姿勢，翻山越嶺，直到到達布達拉宮。聽說有人朝聖一次要花上幾年的時間。
ng4, zàngchuán fójiào de xìntú hǎoxiàng tèbié qiánchéng. nǐ kàn tāmen cháoshèng de shíhou, yībù yī kòu, wǔtǐtóudì de móbài zīshì, jiù zhīdào tāmen yǒu duō qiánchéng le. érqiě zài cháoshèng zhī lù shang, tāmen shǐzhōng bǎochí zhèyàng de zīshì , fānshānyuèlǐng, zhídào dàodá bùdálā gōng . tīngshuō yǒurén cháoshèng yīcì yào huāshàng jǐnián de shíjiān.
Oh, it seems like the disciples of Tibetan Buddhism are extremely pious. When you see them going on pilgrimage, bowing after each step, with all their limbs and their head touching the ground, you realize how devout they are. And they maintain this posture for the entire length of their pilgrimage all the way to the Potala Palace, even as they cross mountain ranges. I've heard that a single pilgrimage takes several years.
B 是啊，青海和內蒙都有挺多藏傳佛教的信徒，還有很多西藏的信徒住在很偏遠的地方，他們即使花幾年也在所不惜，因為朝聖既是他們的精神寄託，也是他們一生的榮耀。
shì ā, Qīnghǎi hé Nèiméng dōu yǒu tǐng duō zàngchuán fójiào de xìntú, hái yǒu hěn duō Xīzàng de xìntú zhùzài hěn piānyuǎn de dìfang, tāmen jíshǐ huā jǐnián yě zàisuǒbùxī, yīnwèi cháoshèng jì shì tāmen de jīngshén jìtuō, yě shì tāmen yīshēng de róngyào.
That's right. Qinghai and Inner Mongolia have a lot of Tibetan Buddhist believers, and there are a lot of believers who live in really remote areas. They have no qualms about spending years on a pilgrimage, because it's the biggest honor of their lives, and they entrust their spirits to this journey.
A 聽你越說越有意思，下次一定要再多請教。
tīng nǐ yuè shuō yuè yǒuyìsi, xiàcì yīdìng yào zài duō qǐngjiào.
The more I hear you talk, the more interesting it seems. Next time I'll ask you about even more.
B 那我要好好做功課了。
nà wǒ yào hǎohǎo zuò gōngkè le.
Well, then, I'll be sure to do my homework.
Key Vocabulary
皈依 guīyī to believe in Buddhism
修行 xiūxíng to practice Buddhism
喇嘛 lǎmā Lama
活佛 huófó Living Buddha
傳承 chuánchéng to pass down
肉身 ròushēn physical body
至高無上 zhìgāowúshàng supreme
圓寂 yuánjì to leave the natural world
轉世 zhuǎnshì reincarnation
靈童 língtóng Lama reincarnated as a child
鳳毛麟角 fèngmáolínjiǎo very few and rare
頂禮膜拜 dǐnglǐmóbài the highest form of worship
虔誠 qiánchéng devout
五體投地 wǔtǐtóudì deeply admire
朝聖 cháoshèng to make a pilgrimage
在所不惜 zàisuǒbùxī unceasingly willing
Supplementary Vocabulary
伊斯蘭教 yīsīlánjiào Islam
基督教 jīdūjiào Christianity
無神論 wúshénlùn Atheism
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