Perfect Phrases for ESL Everyday Situations
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Description
Perfect Phrases for ESL Everyday Situations
Table of contents
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Part 1: Educational Situations in the United States
- Active Learning Advice: Don't Wait to Use Your English!
- Chapter 1. Babysitters, Nannies, Day Care, and Early Learning Centers
- Chapter 2. Elementary and High School
- Chapter 3. Furthering Your Own Education
- Chapter 4. Language Training
- Part 2: Health and Medical Situations
- Active Learning Advice: Make Friends
- Chapter 5. Making and Keeping a Medical Appointment
- Chapter 6. Making and Keeping a Dental Appointment
- Chapter 7. Emergency Room and Hospital Care
- Chapter 8. The Pharmacy
- Part 3: Discovering Community Resources
- Active Learning Advice: Watch TV in English
- Chapter 9. First Responders: Fire Departments, Police Departments, and Emergency Medical Personnel
- Chapter 10. The Post Office
- Chapter 11. The Bank
- Chapter 12. The Library
- Part 4: Around Town
- Active Learning Advice: Speak English in One Room
- Chapter 13. Getting Around: Asking Directions and Parking
- Chapter 14. Gas and Service Stations
- Chapter 15. The Supermarket
- Chapter 16. Shopping, Personal Services, and Entertainment
- Appendix: Becoming an Active Learner in Your New Country
- About the Author
PERFECT PHRASES™
for
ESL
Everyday Situations
Hundreds of Ready-to-Use Phrases That Help You Navigate Any English-Language Situation in Your Daily Life
Natalie Gast
New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
ISBN: 978-0-07-177305-8
MHID: 0-07-177305-3
The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-177028-6, MHID: 0-07-177028-3.
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Contents
Preface
As an instructor and trainer to non-native English speakers, I have always understood the difficulties my English as a Second Language (ESL) students face. Adjusting to change—a new country, a different culture, a foreign language, a new career—is challenging and may create a crisis. In December 2010, I actually became one of you. I walked in your shoes.
I moved my home and my work from New Jersey to Hollywood, Florida, both in the United States. Moving—packing, unpacking, and discarding meaningful items and memories—was difficult, but I knew it would be. What I didn’t realize was that moving within the United States, on the same coast, only two and a half hours away by plane, where the same language is spoken and the same career exists, would present so many situations in which I would feel frustrated, inadequate, and bewildered. I felt like a fish out of water. I often had the urge to withdraw.
Problem situations ranged from the silly to the serious. They included finding a good place to get a haircut, registering to vote, and researching doctors and hospitals in a new location. Learning rules and regulations of new living quarters, researching public transportation, and investigating employment opportunities became everyday activities.
Change can be risky, but it also presents opportunities. Change may be the opportunity to grow emotionally, linguistically, and in many other ways. What I have done—and urge you do—is push through the feelings of discomfort instead of isolating myself and withdrawing. Take chances in your new environment and with your new language. Become an active language learner. Follow the ideas for active learning at the start of each part of this book and any other techniques you come up with. Don’t be afraid to think outside the box. Happy learning!
Who Can Benefit from Using This Book
You can and will benefit from using Perfect Phrases for ESL: Everyday Situations if you are an adult learner of the American English language, whether you are learning English as a Second Language (ESL), English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL), or English as a Foreign Language (EFL). English learners, who are about to travel to the United States or have recently arrived, especially may benefit from phrases offered in the text because of the new situations with which they will likely have to cope.
In the chapters of Part 1, this book offers attention to the educational system in the United States, including choices for you to investigate for your children and yourself. There are numerous phrases you may hear during your search for learning opportunities. Additionally, there are phrases for you to say that will aid you when you call, visit, or inquire about these locations. The word choices present you with new vocabulary and idioms as well as sentences in which you can plug in your own specific thoughts.
Part 2 provides phrases to use when inquiring about medically related situations such as visits to the doctor, dentist, hospital, and pharmacy.
Community resources are addressed as well. The chapters in Part 3 offer phrases for getting services from the bank, the library, and the post office, as well as information and emergency help from the fire and police departments. Phrases to use when shopping for food, putting gas in your car, and finding auto repair help are included in Part 4, “Around Town.”
There are Active Language Advice activities at the start of each part as well as in the appendix. Learning a language, as we know, is a life’s work, and serious language learners are always open to additional techniques for doing this work. There are also sections that pay attention to situations the higher-level learner may not have encountered yet in the United States, such as hiring a nanny or reporting an emergency.
How to Use This Book
Perfect Phrases for ESL: Everyday Situations, like most other books, may be read from beginning to end, and if you have the time, that is a good way to read it. If you are an EFL (English as a Foreign Language) student studying English in a non-English-speaking country and preparing to travel to the United States, that would be a particularly good way to go through this book. It gives you some background information on education, medical, and community service issues in the United States either before or soon after you arrive, as well as vocabulary and idiomatic expressions you may not have studied in your EFL classes. To quote the words of a Toastmasters local club past president, who lived and worked in several countries and taught himself several languages while abroad, “The way to gain an intimate knowledge of a language is to learn its idioms and learn about its country’s culture.”
This text also gives you the phrases for many situations you may encounter immediately upon arriving in the United States. Therefore, for high beginner and intermediate ESL or ESOL learners who have been living in the United States, a more as-needed approach also could work. For example, if you have been in the United States for some time and need a dental appointment, you could turn to Chapter 6 before making the call. It would, however, be a good idea to read Chapter 9, “First Responders,” to learn phrases to use in an emergency before you may need that information. If you do that, you will be prepared, just in case.
Those who have read my previously published ESL books in McGraw-Hill’s Perfect Phrases series—Perfect Phrases for ESL: Everyday Business Life and Perfect Phrases for ESL: Advancing Your Career—may also wish to look at this Perfect Phrases book. They may find vocabulary, idioms, and phrases that were not in the prior publications because the subject matter in this book is survival-related, rather than work-related as in the prior texts.
Readers have commented that the size (dimensions) and weight of the books in this series are real advantages; the books may easily be taken in a purse or a handbag, a briefcase or an attaché case, or even a beach bag. They may also be put into the glove compartment of your car to be read while waiting to pick up the children at school, a friend at a bus or train station, or visitors at an airport. The books are also a good size to leaf through if you are having a meal alone at a restaurant.
Remember to use this book as it best suits your learning style. Write notes on the blank pages at the ends of each part, underline or highlight words or phrases you want to remember, dog-ear pages, or attach Post-it Notes to pages. Add your own words or phrases to what is printed in the book.
The Perfect Phrases for ESL series lends itself to study group or classroom use as well. Have fun, and learn from the books and from each other.
Idioms and Other Vocabulary
Addressed: paid attention to
Advantages: good qualities, useful benefits
Aid: help make a situation easier
Bewildered: confused
Come up with: think of, think what will help you
Cope: handle, deal with
Dog-ear: turn down the corner of a page to mark a place in a book
Felt like a fish out of water: felt as if in totally unfamiliar surroundings
Frustrated: upset because one cannot control a situation
In case: in the event that
Inadequate: not up to handling a situation
Intimate knowledge: detailed knowledge
Isolating: separating yourself from other people
Leaf through: turn the pages of a book or magazine
Plug in: insert, add, put in
Post-it Notes: the trademark name for a small piece of sticky paper, used for notes
Push through: get past without giving up
Ranged from: include from one thing to another and everything between
Risky: has a possibility of something bad happening
Silly: not serious
Suits: fits in with
Techniques: special ways to do something
Think outside the box: think of unusual ways to do something.
Urge: strong wish
Walked in your shoes: understood what you have gone through by going through the same situation
Withdraw: separate from a situation, pull back from, stop participating
Acknowledgments
To all my students who have, over the years, asked many of the probing questions that appear on these pages, and to all my colleagues who have helped me to answer these questions. Thank you.
To my son, Andrew Gast, my daughter-in-law, Jodi Gast, and my grandsons, Leo and Nico, for giving me reasons to move to southeast Florida. Thank you.
To my son, Eric Gast, my niece, Linda Diamond, and my former office manager, Gail Gallagher, who have dragged reluctant me into the computer age. Thanks for being patient and encouraging.
To Harriet Diamond, my sister, Walter Ladden, and Andi Jeszenszky, all three always there. Also to Nancy Barr, newly there. Thanks for your much-appreciated efforts.
To Holly McGuire, my very talented and supportive editor at McGraw-Hill, and Grace Freedson, my agent, for introducing me to Holly and McGraw-Hill. Thanks to you both, again, for the opportunity.
PART 1
Educational Situations in the United States
Active Learning Advice:
Don’t Wait to Use Your English!
Don’t Wait to Use Your English!
Don’t wait for that special future time when you expect to be able to communicate in English error free. Unless you practice, that moment will never come. Take your English language skills, though limited, and use them. Begin every encounter with “Hello,” “Hi,” “Nice to meet you,” or “Glad to see you again.” At each parting say, “Good-bye,” “So long,” “Hope to see you again,” or “I’m sure we’ll talk again soon.”
Speak English to people in stores, in offices, and in schools.
Read English newspapers (if only the captions under the pictures), magazines, junk mail, cartoons, the comics, children’s books (with or without children), and “trashy” novels. Highlight or underline words you don’t understand, and look them up in your dictionary or on your computer.
Write shopping lists, recipes, and notes. Stick Post-it Notes on items you want to remember the English names for.
Listen to everything you hear in English—song lyrics, talk radio, voice mail messages, and whatever anyone says (unless it’s private)—and ask questions. This may sound strange; aren’t listening and hearing the same? No, they are not! If you are able to hear (are not deaf) and are within hearing distance of the sound, what’s the problem? Hearing is passive, and listening is active; it’s about choosing to process what you have heard.
Don’t Forget Small Talk
“Small talk” is friendly conversation about unimportant subjects. We use small talk as a way to generate more conversation. It is an accepted and common way to begin the day, whether at work or during day-to-day errands.
Phrases for Small Talk
I’m cold; I can’t wait until spring. It looks like it’s going to snow. I hope it won’t be deep. What did you watch on TV this weekend? Rush hour was terrible this morning, wasn’t it? I like your coat. I need a new coat. Where did you buy that one? I like green. Green is a good color on you. Have you decided on a name for the baby yet? How is your daughter feeling? What are you having for lunch? I’m having noodles. Please tell me more about Valentine’s Day. There are so many greeting cards for it. My horoscope says, “This is a lucky day for me.” What about yours?Idioms and Other Vocabulary
Active: doing something to make results happen
Captions: words printed under a picture in a newspaper or magazine to describe the picture
Cartoons: drawings, often funny, political, and with words
Choosing: deciding on something
Deaf: physically unable to hear
Deep: far down from a surface
Encounter: meet up with
Expect: think will happen
Greeting cards: cards to send for special reasons (birthday, anniversary, holidays such as Christmas), sympathy cards for sad occasions (death in a family), get-well cards (for a person with an illness)
Highlight: bring attention to by marking with a colored pen
Horoscope: prediction of what will happen to you based on the position of the stars and planets and the date of your birth
Junk mail: letters and other written material sent as advertisements (ads)
Limited: not big or of great size
Lucky: likely to experience good things
Lyrics: words of a song
Noodles: soft strips or shapes of food made from flour, water, and eggs
Parting: leaving, saying good-bye
Passive: accepting what happens without being actively involved in the situation
Post-it Notes: trademark name for small pieces of paper that stick and are used for notes
Process: be involved in
Recipes: directions or instructions for cooking
Rush hour: time when people travel to and from work and when there is increased traffic
Shopping lists: lists of things you need to buy at a store, mostly food items
Talk radio: radio programs in which people talk about news and opinions and sometimes listeners call into the radio station to talk
The comics: story told through a series of cartoons
Though (also although or tho’ or altho’): relates two events that occur at the same time or almost at the same time, even if it is surprising that they do happen this way. (This happened altho’ that happened.)
Trashy novels: bad-quality, but often entertaining, written fiction
Underline: put a line under to bring attention to
Valentine’s Day: holiday on February 14 (2/14) when people give cards, candy, and other gifts to people they love (husband, wife, parents, children, and even sometimes teachers and friends)
CHAPTER 
Babysitters, Nannies, Day Care, and Early Learning Centers
Child care is an important concern for all parents, and there is more concern in a new country. This chapter offers perfect phrases related to child care.
Babysitters
Babysitting is a term used for taking care of young children while their parents are occupied. The services of a babysitter are usually for several hours at a time. Perhaps one parent is working while the other has an appointment, or a couple is going out for the evening. Daytime adult classes or meeting venues may offer babysitting services free or for a small fee to pay the babysitter. The good part of this scenario is that the babysitter has been selected and has credentials and/or training for the job.
If you need a babysitter and have to find one on your own, it is important to get referrals from neighbors, colleagues, a medical office, a school, or a hospital. Interview the babysitter before hiring her or him, and if you can, have a dry run: hire the potential babysitter for a short time, do something in another room, and observe the interaction between the babysitter and your child or children. You may want to observe interactions in several situations—playtime, mealtime, and bedtime.
Phrases to Use When Interviewing a Babysitter
Have you babysat before? How often? How long have you been babysitting? Have you taken a course in babysitting at your school or community center? How many hours was the course? Did you get a certificate for taking a course in babysitting, and may I see it? How old are the children you have babysat for? Have you babysat___________(during the day when the children are awake, during the night after the children are asleep)? What do you do when the children are sleeping? What are your thoughts about discipline? What are your feelings about the children watching TV or videos? What children’s___________(TV shows, videos, games, books) are you familiar with? Have you taken a course in___________(first aid, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, CPR)? What has been___________(the most difficult, unusual, funniest, scariest) babysitting experience you have had? How much___________(do you charge, do you make, do you make an hour)?What You May and May Not Ask Job Applicants
Remember equal employment opportunity laws. When you interview a candidate for a babysitting or nanny position, as well as any job, there are federal laws that apply to asking questions to all job applicants. Allowable questions relate to their skills and experience. You may ask for references.
The areas you may not ask questions about include age, race, religion, place of birth, marital status, disabilities, and arrests. Many companies provide, at a cost, background checks, and you may choose to hire them to check criminal, driving, and financial records.
There are good questions to ask the references that your applicant has given you at your request. These include:
What are his/her strengths and weaknesses?
Is he/she reliable?
Why did the previous employment end, and would you rehire him/her?
Are there concerns about the number of children he/she would be responsible for or concerns about the ages of the children he/she would be in charge of?
How does he/she handle stress and multitasking?
Does he/she have special position-related skills?
The best way to hire for these positions is always a recommendation from someone who has used the babysitter or the nanny.
Phrases for Instructing the Babysitter
I/We use___________(time-out, no dessert, no play date) as a punishment. I/We take away TV if the children misbehave. Let us know if the children___________(act up, misbehave). I/We never spank the children. I/We never send the children to bed without dinner. I/We would like you to be involved with the children when they are awake. They like to read one book before bedtime. I/We want you to___________(play games, read stories, help with homework) with them. I/We don’t want___________(playing rough, using the swimming pool, driving with the children in the car). I/We don’t want you to have___________(visitors, long phone conversations, computer time) during work. If the baby cries, pick him/her up. Have you ever put children to bed? We put the baby in her crib at 7:30. Have you fed the children yet? The kids should eat everything on their plates. Don’t worry if the kids don’t eat everything. ___________(child’s name) is a picky eater. They are not allowed dessert unless they eat their vegetables. Have you ever changed diapers? Put dirty diapers in this hamper. Have you given children a bath? Make sure they brush their teeth. ___________(child’s name) likes a night-light in his room at bedtime. ___________(child’s name) likes this blanket. Call us if you have any problems. Here is our cell phone number. We can be reached at___________(this restaurant, the Smiths’ home, the kids’ school). Here are the telephone numbers.Idioms and Other Vocabulary
Act up: behave badly
Couple: two (a couple of books), two people in a romantic relationship, a husband and wife
CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation, breathing in someone’s mouth and pressing on his or her chest to restart breathing and the heart beating
Credentials: documents that show you are able to perform in a position
Discipline: training used to change negative behavior into positive behavior by giving consequences for negative behavior
Dry run: practice session for the actual event
First aid: basic medical attention given quickly
Multitasking: doing two or more things at the same time.
Occupied: busy, doing something
Play date: appointment for children to play with each other
Playing rough: playing in a way in which someone might get injured
Position-related: having to do with one’s job or work
Scariest: making you feel the most afraid, frightened, scared
Scenario: situation that may occur
Spank: hit a child on the rear or backside as a form of punishment
Term: word
Time-out: in sports, time taken from a game to rethink how to continue the game; in child care, a punishment in which children must stop playing and be alone to rethink their actions
Venues: places where activities happen
Nannies
A nanny takes care of a child or children for a family in the family’s home and for a longer time and much more regularly than a babysitter. The nanny may be paid by the hour, but more often by the day, week, or longer period. It is a regular employment situation, so references and background checks should be verified carefully. Often benefits come with the nanny position. A common benefit is paid vacation time, which is time away from work while receiving pay equal to your salary for the same period of time.
A nanny may take care of one or more children for working parents or for a single working parent full-time. The nanny often acts as a part of the family. Nannies are most often women; there are, however, male nannies. Families that employ a male nanny sometimes say that they appreciate having a positive male influence from someone who serves as a role model, especially for sons.
Phrases for interviewing nannies include many or most of those used for interviewing babysitters, but there are additional phrases. When you are interviewing and hiring a nanny, it is, of course, really an advantage to hit the ground running. Get a head start by checking out recommended candidates with neighbors, colleagues, the human resources (HR) department where you or your spouse work, or even an agency. You still have to conduct serious interviewing, but some questions may already be answered.
Phrases to Say When Interviewing a Nanny
Where did you___________(study, learn, get a license, get certified) to become a nanny? Did you___________(study, learn, earn a certificate, get a license) to become a nanny, and may I see your credentials? Would this be your first position as a nanny? What type of work did you do before this? Have you worked as a nanny before? Where? Do you have references? How many children were in the family or families you worked with? Why did you leave your last position? Did you live in the home of the family? Did you commute? How many___________(hours, days) did you work during a week? What were the___________(time off, vacation time) arrangements? Can you___________(cook, drive, speak [your language], perform CPR, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, first aid)? Do you have a certificate in___________(first aid, swimming, lifesaving, CPR)? We don’t allow___________(smoking, drinking) in front of our children. Do you go to bed early or very late? What___________(music, TV programs) do you like to ___________(listen to, watch)? Do you like to watch or participate in sports? Are you a U.S. citizen? Do you have a visitor’s visa? Do you have a green card? Do you drive? Do you own a car? What are your thoughts on discipline? How do you handle a child who refuses to___________ (eat, go to bed, wash his or her hands before a meal, share with a brother or sister)? What do you do with a child who won’t stop___________ (crying, biting another child, screaming in a store for toys or candy)? When the children are___________(sleeping, napping, in school, at music lessons), what are your feelings about ___________(cooking, cleaning, ironing, doing the wash, shopping for food, performing other household duties)? We___________(return to [your country], take a vacation) every___________(summer, Christmas, month) and would like you to have the same time for your ___________(vacation, paid vacation). We would like the house___________(closed, rented, occupied by our friends) then, so do you have a place to live?Idioms and Other Vocabulary
Background checks: verification that what someone has told you about his or her past education, employment, etc., is true
Commute: travel back and forth between work and your home
Head start: a lead, an advantage
Hit the ground running: have a head start to be successful at what you are doing
HR: human resources department (Many people just pronounce the initials.)
Male influence: a man’s effect on, example of behavior
References: letters from people for whom you have worked, people who know you from your educational background, and people who know you from your past and can offer personal references, which say nice things about your character qualities such as honesty
Role model: someone you admire and want to pattern your behavior after
Verified: checked out
Day Care
The first step in the public school system in the United States is kindergarten. The age at which children in the United States begin kindergarten is usually five. However, many parents choose earlier education opportunities. These choices may be called day care, early learning centers, preschool, or nursery school. Day care and early learning centers are often for infants up to kindergarten age. The other options—nursery school and preschool—may take children from two or three years old to when they start kindergarten in the public school system.
Early learning centers or day care facilities are locations at which you drop off children or send them, if they are old enough, by bus or van for a number of days during the week. Children are cared for and involved in learning and play that challenges their minds and bodies for as many hours during a day as needed. The need depends on a parent’s work schedule and feelings about having the child exposed to other children, teachers, and activities.
Before you decide on a place that is appropriate for your child, visit several centers. Take a complete tour of the facilities, observe the teachers and the students, and ask questions. You will be turning your child over to strangers, so do everything you can to make them not be complete strangers. Do a thorough sensory check—a thorough inspection of the environment, including the general environment (Does it have a welcoming feel to it? Is it clean, or does it smell like dirty diapers?), the parking lot (Is there a lot of garbage and trash?), and the body language of the children and the teachers (Are they happy?). Talk to everyone you can who will meet your child, including the bus or van driver, if your child is being driven to the center and not dropped off by you.
Phrases You May Hear at an Early Learning Center or Preschool
Our center serves children from infants to five years old. Our center offers a safe and secure environment for active early learning. Our teachers and staff communicate with parents to provide the best experience for the child. We work with parents to be on the same page on discipline matters. We have many activities at the center that include family participation and visits. We like the children, especially the infants and very young children, to bring a transitional object to have at nap-time. A teddy bear or a doll works well. We ask the older children to bring in family photos. We find these objects make the transition from home to the center easier for the children. Children live in the moment, so it isn’t appropriate to wait to discipline until the child returns home. Many parents use___________(time-out, removal of privileges, talking privately with the child about the incident) at home. Our counselor will discuss our discipline policy and how we can work together.Phrases to Say When Visiting an Early Learning Center or Preschool
May I check your accreditation documents? My main concern is my child’s safety and security. What is the center’s___________(philosophy of learning, discipline policy, attitude about teaching or modeling social skills)? What is the ratio of adults to children___________(in a class, for infants, for one-year-olds, with four-year-olds)? How do you discipline young children? How do you handle the___________(eating, napping, playing together) scheduling? Who drives the bus or van, and how long has he or she been driving for you? What is the driver’s safety record? How does the center celebrate___________(diverse cultures, different languages, holidays)? What___________(training, special training, developmental activities, ongoing preparation) do the___________ (teachers, aides, assistants, other staff members) ___________(have, get, receive)?Phrases About Activities and Learning
What will my child be doing all day, and why? What are the activities for___________(my child’s age group, infants, one-year-olds, four-year-olds)? How are the children learning? What are the materials and methods, and what are the reasons for using these? What___________(learning games, language activities, physical play) do the two- and three-year-olds participate in? I___________(understand, have read, have heard) that finger painting strengthens hands and fingers and is a lead-in to handwriting. When are children exposed to finger painting? Do the teachers have___________(different cultural backgrounds, dual-language ability, multi-language skills)?Phrases About Special Needs
I am new to the United States. I just started learning English. We speak___________(your language) at home. How can I help my child with homework when I don’t speak English? Do you___________(give, require) homework for the four- to five-year-olds? Are you able to recommend___________(a tutor, a way for my child and me to learn English together)? Are all of the teachers fluent in English? Are some of them bilingual or multilingual? Does the center accept children with___________(physical disabilities, learning issues, special needs)? Do you conduct some activities in English and___________ (my language) as a bridge to learning English? Does the center offer___________(testing, counseling)?Phrases for the First Day
I have brought a___________(teddy bear, toy, family photo) for my child. May I stay for a short time until my child___________ (stops crying, is more comfortable, becomes more relaxed)? If I can’t___________(be here, sit with my child, wait for him or her to calm down), who will___________(calm him or her down, control him or her, take care of him or her)? What do you want me to do?Idioms and Other Vocabulary
Accreditation documents: documents showing that schools have met required standards and gotten official approval
Aides: helpers
Appropriate: good, a good fit for
Attitude: opinion about a subject
Body language: movements of parts of your body that show what you are thinking without you speaking
Celebrate: treat as special
Children live in the moment: children only think about what is happening now as far as rewards and punishments
Counseling: emotionally supporting the children who attend the center and their parents
Counselor: a person whose job is counseling
Discipline policy: the center’s official opinion about discipline at the center
Diverse: many different
Drop off: leave your child at the center after taking him or her to the destination
Exposed to: not protected from
Finger painting: painting with special paint and using fingers not brushes (Children do this activity.)
Handle: take care of
Handwriting: connected script writing
Holidays: days that celebrate historic or religious events
Incident: something that happens
Kindergarten: the first year in the public school system, which prepares children for first grade (Children start kindergarten at age five or six depending on their birth date.)
Lead into: prepare for
Materials: teaching tools used for learning, making, or doing something
Methods: ways of doing something
Modeling: showing good behavior you want to copy
Naptime: time devoted to a short sleep, called a nap (Young children nap during a long school day.)
On the same page: thinking in the same way as someone else about doing something
Philosophy of learning: ideas about learning
Physical disabilities: conditions that keep someone from doing all that others can do
Ratio: a relationship between two numbers or amounts
Recommend: make a suggestion after careful consideration
Safe: not dangerous
Safety: conditions without danger
Secure: protected
Security: protection
Sensory check: process of noticing everything that has to do with the five senses—sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch
Social skills: ability to get along with people, good manners
Special needs: needs related to physical and/or mental problems
Strangers (also total strangers): people you don’t know
Strengthens: makes strong
Teddy bear: a soft toy in the shape of a bear
Testing: a full range of evaluations
Transition: movement or change
Transitional: changing from one place to another, such as from home to day care
Tutor: someone who teaches one or a few students privately
Welcoming: designed to make people feel comfortable
CHAPTER 
Elementary and High School
The early learning centers or nursery schools take your child up to five years old. At the age of five, depending on the month of their birth and the cutoff date in the school, children begin mandatory elementary school in kindergarten. Children who have not attended any of the preschool options begin kindergarten at this age as well. Some elementary or primary schools include kindergarten and continue through eighth grade; others continue only through fifth grade, and children then go on to junior high school or middle school for grades six, seven, and eight.
High school for all usually comprises grades nine, ten, eleven, and twelve. Ninth grade is called the freshman year of high school, tenth grade is the sophomore year, eleventh grade is the junior year, and twelfth grade is the senior year of high school in the public school system. A child is permitted to quit school legally at age sixteen, but this is discouraged. Those who do leave before finishing high school are called dropouts. A high school diploma is a definite plus in finding work, so dropouts often go on to earn a GED. Additionally, students who choose to attend a college in the United States must have completed coursework that is equivalent to what is taught in American high schools.
To register your child in public school, which is free for all residents of school age, you need to identify your school district and then your local school according to where you live within your town or city. Using the Internet, telephone, or in person, communicate with the board of education, go to the town or city hall, or just visit the principal’s office of the school nearest your home. Sometimes parents reverse the process. If they have a preference for a particular school or school district, they try to buy or rent their living accommodations within the area served by that district. For doing that, a real estate agent could be helpful.
This may be a good time to visit your local library for information and direction. Librarians can be very helpful with information about the schools and may even cut through some red tape. When you visit the school, you will need to show a proof of residency (for example, a telephone bill, electric bill, water bill, lease, mortgage, or driver’s license) with your name and local address on it. You will be asked for your child’s medical files with a record of medical exams and vaccinations. The school will provide a medical form for your doctor to fill out.
Once registered, your child is eligible for many types of support to help him or her succeed in school. An ESL or ESOL instructor will help the student make the transition to an English-only classroom. Depending on the school, the student may be main-streamed and take pull-out classes in English with other ESL students or be taught in a bilingual setting. In any case, help from a private tutor may be necessary at first. If the student has any disabilities (learning, psychosocial, speech, reading) that might interfere with learning, he or she may be eligible for services, free of charge and usually during school hours, from a specialist.
It really doesn’t matter whether you are enrolling a child in kindergarten, the early grades, or especially high school; in every case, the transition is difficult for the student and for you. To manage the transition, you can gain an advantage by forming relationships with the people who know the school, the system, and shortcuts to reduce some of the stress.
Some people at the school you and your child should meet as soon as possible are the principal, the school secretary in the principal’s office, your child’s teachers, and any teaching aides in the classroom. Your child may also have additional teachers for special subjects such as gym or P.E. (physical education), music (vocal and/or instrumental), art, and others. You should also meet with the school counselor.
It is your responsibility to have school records, test results, and notes on your children translated into English. Your children may be tested and observed to determine the most appropriate placement. You will have a say in the placement process.
Phrases for Learning About Your New School
May I schedule an appointment to discuss my child’s needs? May I observe a class? How do you address different learning styles? My child___________(is a visual learner, learns best by listening, tends to move around a lot, likes to be active, is a hands-on learner, is extremely shy and afraid of speaking). Do you use computers in the classroom? Do we need a computer at home for homework? Can you suggest one that works for most of the students? Is there homework every night? Is there a list of school supplies my child should bring to school? At what grade do the students change classes, and how does that work? May I have a school calendar with information on ___________(holidays, vacations, half-day sessions, snow days). Do the students have___________(lockers, gym lockers)? May I see the playground? What equipment is there___________(on the playground, in the gym)? How old is the equipment?Phrases for Learning About Your New School: Eating
Does the school have a cafeteria that serves lunch? May I send lunch with my child? My child is___________(allergic to peanuts, a vegetarian, a picky eater). Do some children go home for lunch? Is there a buddy system for new students so during lunch they aren’t eating alone? Are there staggered lunch periods?Phrases for Discussing Problems in School
My child was in a Montessori school in our country and is not used to this type of learning. My son/daughter is finding it difficult to adjust to your school. My son/daughter needs help. I’m concerned about___________(difficulties with homework, problems socializing with other students, isolation, bullying). What do you suggest to help parents cope during these difficult transitional times, especially parents with limited English? We are concerned about drug and alcohol use among young children. What are the school’s preventive measures against these problems? Please tell us about your school’s policies on___________ (bullying, alcohol use, drug prevention).Phrases for Discussing Problems in School: Bullying and Safety
I understand bullying is a major issue in the United States. How do you control it? How is bullying dealt with by the___________(students, teachers, staff)? Could you share the policy for treating the___________ (bully, victim)? Are there monitors in the halls and restrooms?Phrases for Speaking with the Teacher and Other School Personnel
I would like to set up an appointment to discuss my ___________(child’s, son’s, daughter’s) progress. I would like to schedule a parent-teacher___________ (meeting, conference). Are you available___________(before school, after school, during the school day)? Please call___________(me at home at [your phone number], my cell phone at [your cell phone number]). Please e-mail me at___________(your e-mail address). Please contact me as soon as possible about dates and times so I may___________(adjust my schedule, arrange for transportation, clear my calendar, get babysitting for my other children). Thank you.Phrases You May Hear While Visiting a New School
We send report cards out with the children to bring home ___________(every marking period, every six weeks). Classes begin at 9 a.m. In an emergency, what is the best way to contact you? Here is a list of supplies that all new students need. We have a fire drill every semester. Don’t worry about the noise; it’s just a fire drill. I’m sorry about the condition of the___________(parking lot, halls, restrooms); the custodian is out sick today. I can meet with you about your son/daughter on Monday morning at 8:00, before classes start. If you wait until recess is over, we can speak about this more.You will have other choices of schools in which to enroll your children: private schools, including Montessori schools, Waldorf schools, and charter schools. Some parents even opt for homeschooling. The phrases in this chapter are also helpful in investigating these choices. Since the investigation process is time and energy consuming, your child may begin in the public school in your area, and you or they may elect to change later. Your local library can help with the legwork in getting information on these alternatives.
Phrases Specific to Middle School and High School Students
Are there any sessions to help me prepare for college? What are they? Does this state have any college fairs for me to attend? Are there certain elective courses I should be taking? How may I use the summers to prepare for college? I don’t___________(want to, plan to, need to) attend college for my future career. I want to study___________(music producing, TV news reporting, weather forecasting). How can I find out more about___________(these fields, technical schools)? How about internships? Do you know of any in the field I want to enter? I’d like to speak to former graduates who have entered ___________(these fields, these technical schools, these colleges/universities). Can you put me in touch with them? You may give them my___________(name, e-mail address, cell phone number). Would you be able to___________(recommend me, give me a recommendation, write me a letter of recommendation)? What courses do I still have to take? Is there any way around taking statistics? Do you think a tutor could help me? Could you recommend one? Thanks. What about applying for___________(financial aid, scholarships, work-study programs)?Idioms and Other Vocabulary
Adjust to: get used to
Buddy system: putting together two students—a new one with one who has experience and can make it easier for the new student
Bully: person who engages in bullying another person (The person being threatened is called the victim.)
Bullying: threatening, frightening someone because the person is different
Change classes: move from class to class for different subjects (math, science, etc.) instead of being in one room with one teacher for most subjects
Charter schools: schools that have been given state government money to operate but are not operated by the public school system
College fairs: gatherings of students interested in attending college after high school for them to get information from school representatives
Comprise: contain within oneself
Cope: handle, take care of
Counselor: a person whose job is to help people with problems
Custodian: a person whose job is to take care of keeping a building, such as a school, in order
Cutoff date: date when something stops
Discouraged: not looked upon as a good idea
Dropouts: students who stop attending high school before they graduate
Elective courses: classes you may choose to take after taking all required classes
Equivalent to: equal to, the same as
ESL, ESOL: English as a Second Language, English for Speakers of Other Languages
Financial aid: money loaned or granted to students from a governmental body or other organization for college or university education
Fire drill: a practice session on how to leave the school if there is a fire
GED: general equivalency diploma, received by students who don’t finish high school but study what they would have studied in high school and pass a test on that material
Gym: short for gymnasium, a special location with equipment for physical activity and sports
Half-day sessions: days when there is only a half day of school for various reasons, such as a teachers’ meeting or special celebration
Homeschooling: teaching children at home, not in school
Internships: work programs for students to get experience in a field of study
Isolation: being kept separate from other students
Legwork: traveling to get work accomplished
Letter of recommendation: letter saying someone has the qualities to be good at a job or in a school
Mainstreamed: made part of a regular class
Mandatory: required
Marking period: amount of time in a school year at the end of which grades are issued
Monitors: people, sometimes children, whose job is to watch for trouble
Montessori school: school offering an alternative educational approach
Music producing: job that involves the overall control of the preparation of music production
Opt: choose, select
Options: choices
Picky eater: person who is very particular about what he or she likes to eat
Playground: area outside a school used for physical activity and sports
Plus (n): an advantage, an edge
Policies: systems of actions required in different situations
Preventive measures: actions to stop undesirable things from happening
Psychosocial: related to the mind and behavior, interpersonal
Pull-out classes: special training provided to students outside of their mainstream classes
Put me in touch with: connect me to
Reading: training to read more efficiently or working on reading conditions such as dyslexia where letters or words are read incorrectly
Recess: time of rest during the school day
Red tape: rules that slow down efforts to get things done
Report cards: teachers’ written reports about students’ school-work, which are sent home for parents to read and sign
Reverse: change to do in the opposite way
Scholarships: money given by an organization to help pay for education
Shortcuts: ways to do things faster
Shy: not comfortable speaking with strangers and, sometimes, people you’ve met
Snow days: days where there is too much snow to attend school
Source: a good location
Speech: special training in correct speaking
Staggered: arranged so that people are not all doing something at the same time
Technical schools (also technical colleges): schools where students, who have completed high school or earned a GED, concentrate on learning and doing, especially creating, building, or repairing objects and equipment
Transitional times: times of change from one situation to another
Waldorf schools: schools offering an alternative approach to education
Way around: way to not have to do something
Work-study programs: work that students do at a college or university to help pay for their expenses
CHAPTER 
Furthering Your Own Education
Education for children in the United States offers many choices, but what many fail to realize is that in the United States, very many adults take courses to advance their careers or simply for enrichment or enjoyment.
Adult Education
There are classes for adults in high schools, junior colleges, colleges, universities, and churches. Private educational companies as well as advanced educational institutions offer courses online as well as training via Skype. You may work toward a certificate, a diploma, a degree, or a license. You may go just to enjoy yourself, meet people with similar interests, and practice your English communication and listening comprehension skills while you learn.
The choices are staggering, and searching online may be daunting at first. It can be an exciting “field trip” to go to your local library in order to investigate the educational and pleasurable learning possibilities available to you. The library staff can greatly help you as you start your search. There are many courses, classes, presentations, trips, and tours offered by your library or other nearby libraries, and a library is a good place to get your feet wet. Many offerings at the libraries are free of charge.
Subjects offered are as diverse as auto mechanics, classical-music appreciation, line dancing, astronomy, English and practically every other language, and cooking foods from every country imaginable. Offerings may be free, or there may be free trial classes to decide if you relate to the material and the presenter. For other classes, you may have to pay tuition, enrollment fees, and a fee for each hour of course credit. The specific amounts vary from school to school.
It may be a challenge to take a course in English, even if it focuses on your field of work or study or is similar to one you have taken already in your native language. You would have the knowledge in the area but not yet in the language. You might take a course about your religion or about your country and contribute your knowledge and ideas, although in limited English. (See Chapter 4, “Language Training.”)
There are film classes in which the students watch a movie together in the classroom or separately at home and then discuss it in the class. The discussion might be among the students themselves, or else one of the actors, the director, or a film critic might conduct the discussion. Book clubs work in a similar fashion: the participants read the same book or author and meet to discuss their takes on the particular reading selection. Some courses include trips or tours to interesting sites and lectures about the locations.
Another avenue to look into is Toastmasters International. Some companies offer this group to their employees, but there are also public Toastmasters groups that meet in restaurants or other venues. They concentrate on speaking and presentation skills as well as leadership skills. Belonging to the groups is very inexpensive. You may attend a meeting to see if your level of language skills and commitment to the regimen are enough for this wonderful organization.
Sports and games are another area to investigate. One of my students from China was depressed because he had no outlet other than his work and study. I asked him what he liked to do in his country. He said he would never be able to find that sport in the United States. Being curious, I pursued my line of questioning until he admitted to being a volleyball enthusiast. We looked on the Internet and found a volleyball group that met every evening of the week within a few miles of where this man lived. He was shy about going, but he went and continued in the group, going three times a week. There are many stories like this one, and the possibilities are endless.
An innovative area to investigate online, by word of mouth, or just through people you meet at your children’s school, at the library, or elsewhere is a language exchange. People also post notices on supermarket bulletin boards for these services: “Language Exchange: I would like to learn/practice my English skills with a native American English speaker in exchange for speaking/teaching___________(Portuguese, Spanish, Vietnamese, [your language]) to that person. We could meet at this market, a library, or a coffee shop. Please call my cell for more details.”
Phrases You May Hear About Adult Education
This___________(course, class, session)___________ (runs, meets, takes place) during the___________(winter, spring, fall, summer). This class meets in the evenings from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. The___________(course, class, program, session) that you have chosen meets on___________(Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday) during the___________(evenings, mornings, afternoons) from ___________(time) to___________(time). We offer child care facilities in the student center. ___________(Babysitting, Child care) is___________ (included in, part of) the___________(fee, cost, price). This is a “lunch and learn” class. Bring a sandwich, and a beverage will be supplied. We encourage you to audit a class.Phrases to Ask About Adult Education
Who teaches this___________(class, course, group of sessions, event)? Who leads this session? What are the___________(particulars, specifics, highlights) of this? Can you___________(e-mail, send, forward) me the details? Where does the group meet? When does the group meet? Where are the sessions___________(held, taking place)? When are the classes___________(scheduled for, taking place)? Can you give me directions? How much does this cost? What is the cost? Are___________(materials, books, videos, CDs, DVDs) included, or are they___________(extra, additional)? May I___________(audit, observe, sit in on) the sessions? I am shy about my English skills. What if my English is not good? May I___________(audit, still take, sit in on) this program? I’m interested in the subject and would like to hear what is being said. Can I try out the class? Could I observe one time before I commit? Is a free trial lesson available? I was a Do you have___________(an application, more information) that you can send me? Do I have to___________(register, enroll, pay) now, or may I do that___________(when I go to the first session, after the first class)?Idioms and Other Vocabulary
Advance: move ahead
Audit: sit in on a class without getting a grade
Auto mechanics: lessons about how to fix your car
Avenue: direction
Bulletin boards: board on a wall on which you can put notes
Challenge: difficult task
Commit: promise to do
Daunting: challenging, difficult
Depressed: sad
Elsewhere: in other places
Endless: so long that it seems there is no end
Enjoyment: the experience of getting pleasure out of something or getting fun from something
Enrichment: process of making better
Enthusiast: person who is extremely interested in an activity
Fail to realize: don’t understand
Fashion: way, manner
Field trip: a short visit to a place of interest
Get your feet wet: get started
Imaginable: possible to think of
Innovative: new, different, unusual
Line dancing: type of dancing performed by a group of people standing in a line
Lunch and learn: describing classes taken during a lunchtime break
Outlet: way to use physical and emotional energy
Pursued: continued
Regimen: special plan
Relate to: get along with, like
Shy: not comfortable talking to strangers
Simply: only
Skype: service for communicating via the computer, using an attached camera and microphone so that people can see and hear each other
Staggering: unbelievable
Takes (n): thoughts about a subject
Toastmasters International: international speakers’ club with many groups around the world offering meetings where members practice speaking and leadership skills
Trial classes: classes you are trying out to see whether or not you like them
Via: by way of
Word of mouth: getting a message by hearing someone talking
CHAPTER 
Language Training
An English-language learner has many options for increasing his or her fluency in the language. The first thing to realize is that the world is your classroom, with as many chances to absorb and practice new expressions as there are situations in your daily life. Be more ambitious in your language use than native speakers, who typically use only a fraction of their vocabulary in everyday speech! Also, recognize that your native tongue is a valuable commodity. Many English speakers envy your bilingualism and long to learn a foreign language. As mentioned in Chapter 3, propose a language exchange or barter with someone whose English you admire and who would like to learn your language. Make sure that the person speaks American English and not British English. Also, the more idioms the person uses, the better the casual conversation becomes. Half an hour for each language over coffee could help both of you make real progress and create a new friendship.
A more structured approach might be preferable, especially if you are in the early stage of learning English. ESL or ESOL classes are easy to find, but deciding which one is best for you may be more difficult. Universities, colleges, community colleges, high school adult evening programs, language schools, libraries, and language companies all offer programs in English. Churches or other religious institutions also provide space for classes, and there are always private tutors. Each of these options has advantages; select the one that is most convenient and affordable to you at this time. You may always decide that what works now is not the best option for later, but get started!
Whatever option you choose for beginning your language training, it is important to realize that the time you spend between lessons is probably more crucial than the time spent at the lesson, as valuable as the lesson is. To justify the time and money spent on the classes (even if they may be free), you must study, practice, and use the language you learn between the classes. You are, in essence, responsible for your own progress. Use every bit of the language you learn to increase your acquisition of more of the target language. My neighbor from Goa, India, speaks English beautifully. When I asked him how he learned English, he said, “Well, the plane trip here was 23 hours, and I spoke to the people in the seats next to me all that time.” He was, of course, exaggerating to make a point, but it is a point well taken. He took the risk to use limited language to gain more language.
Phrases You May Hear While Investigating Language-Learning Opportunities
There is a required___________(entrance test, placement exam, interview). We have a required textbook for this class. The___________(tuition, application fee, hourly rate, four-session rate, cost for a semester) is___________(on the flyer, in this application form, on our website, based on a sliding scale, discussed during our free pre-assessment session). There___________(is, is not) a prerequisite for the class. Once you decide to___________(join, enroll, sign up), there are no auditors. Please come in and sit in on one of the classes. Please come and___________(see our facility, take a tour). The class meets___________(once a week for two hours, three times a week for three hours, five days a week from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.). The semester starts in___________(February, May). We also offer a summer program. This is not a bilingual class; everything is done in the target language, English, but at your level so you will definitely be able to handle it. There are special classes in listening comprehension. There are___________(three levels, six levels). This is___________(spring, Christmas, summer) break, but let’s schedule an appointment for you to come in the week after the break. We are having an orientation___________(next week, in February, Friday). Can you join us to meet and observe?Phrases You May Say While Investigating Language-Learning Opportunities
What level of language ability is required for this class? Is this a Will this be___________(one-to-one private, a small group, a full class session)? My native first language is___________(your language). Are there any instructors who specialize in teaching English to speakers of that language? Does anyone here speak___________(your language)? I___________(am looking for, would like to take) an accent modification program. Do you think I can___________(lose, correct, reduce, modify) my accent? I have been told that I speak___________(very quickly, too fast, too softly). What do you think? I came to the United States___________(at 10 years old, at 19 years old, two years ago and I am 30). Since this will be___________(one-to-one, private), where will we meet? Can we meet at the library? Where is your office? Could you please e-mail me ___________(directions, the address)? Please mail the syllabus to me, since classes don’t start for a month. Do you take___________(checks, credit cards, debit cards, cash)?Phrases You May Say to Ensure Understanding
Please___________(spell that, repeat that, say that again). I’m sorry, I didn’t___________(understand, get, catch) that. Could you___________(say that more slowly, send it to me in an e-mail)? Is it difficult to___________(understand, hear) me over the telephone? You did say next month, didn’t you? Do you mean next Wednesday? Excuse me, I don’t really___________(follow you, understand you). Pardon me. Could you please tell me how this private tutoring arrangement is going to work?Idioms and Other Vocabulary
Absorb: take in
Acquisition: what you get
Ambitious: determined to get ahead
Approach: plan
Arrangement: what is planned
Barter: exchange, trade
Break: rest period from some activity
Catch: get, understand
Commodity: item
Crucial: very important
Envy: wish to have
Exchange: trade, barter
Facility: place, building
Follow you: understand you
Free pre-assessment session: no-charge time in which you make a judgment before formal testing
In essence: pointing out an important idea
Long to: strongly wish to
Options: choices
Orientation: outlining of a program
Propose: suggest
Recognize: realize that it is important
Sliding scale: payment system in which the amount to pay for services depends on certain conditions
Target language: language you are studying, language you want to learn
Tongue: language
Typically: usually
Use (n): what you do with something
Part 1 Notes Section
PART 2
Health and Medical Situations
Active Learning Advice:
Make Friends
Make Friends
Make friends—American friends or friends whose native language is different from yours. To do this, it will be necessary to communicate with each other in English. It will be difficult at first, but each time you meet, it will get easier. Start with a short, friendly visit of maybe five minutes, and then meet for a little longer each time you get together.
Where can you meet these friends?
At work At your church, synagogue, mosque, or other place of worship At a gym, health club, or spa At a supermarket, grocery store, butcher shop, produce market, farmers’ market, flea market, garage sale, or house sale At your child’s school, playground, after-school activity, or PTA or PTO meetings In an ESL, computer, music appreciation, or any other class that may be of interest to you In your neighborhood, where you live or work At a volunteer or charitable organization, donating your time and help On a bus, train, subway, or airplanePractice speaking English out loud (aloud) with yourself. It will help you to have better conversations with other people. Listen to conversations others have—on TV, at work, or in any of the other places listed. What do you like? Use it. What don’t you understand? Ask or look it up.
Friendly Hint
There is a difference between a friend and an acquaintance. Forming friendships takes time. An acquaintance is someone you have met who may never be a friend or has not become a friend yet. That doesn’t mean you can’t practice saying, “Hi, nice to see you again. I saw you at the last PTA meeting.”
Chatting and small talk are terms for light conversations that are not about anything serious. You may say, “The weather is really cold this winter.” You don’t have to add a time and place for another meeting or anything more than a short comment.
Idioms and Other Vocabulary
After-school activity: something to do after classes for interest or fun, such as sports or special-interest clubs
Farmers’ market: a market where farmers sell their fruits and vegetables directly to customers
Flea market: a market where old, used, and low-priced new items are sold
Garage sale: a sale of used items from someone’s home held outside of the home in a garage, driveway, or yard
House sale: a sale of furniture and other items in a home, usually when someone is moving or has died and the family is emptying the home
Out loud (also aloud): to say or read in a normal voice but not silently or to yourself
Produce: fruits or vegetables
PTA, PTO: Parent-Teacher Association, Parent-Teacher Organization (Schools have one of these groups so parents and teachers can communicate, have meetings, and offer activities for the benefit of the school and the students.)
Shop: small store
Volunteer: involving people who offer time and talent for no payment
Worship: religious activity showing respect for a god or gods
CHAPTER 
Making and Keeping a Medical Appointment
When you need to have medical care, even for something minor, it is important to do your homework. To get recommendations, check with neighbors, colleagues (if you are working), or a referral service at a local hospital. The service will give you a few referrals and information about the doctors’ education and training.
If you go to one doctor and don’t feel comfortable with that doctor or with his or her office staff, you then have other choices. You are the consumer, the patient.
Medical professionals want to help you, and you have to help them to help you by giving them all the information you can. Bring all your past medical records (translated if possible), x-rays/films, medical test results, list of medications you are taking, including vitamins, and anything else you think can help explain your concerns. Supply whatever will help the doctor understand your issues and be able to help you better. Also, write down all your questions, ask them, and get them answered.
When you call to make an appointment with a doctor, the telephone may be picked up by voice mail. Or you may reach the receptionist or a nurse without going into a voice mail system.
Phrases You May Hear on Voice Mail When You Call a Doctor’s Office
If this is an emergency, hang up the phone and call 9-1-1. If you want to___________ make an appointment, change or cancel an existing appointment, discuss billing, have insurance questions addressed, get test results, hear office hours, get directions to our office, speak to the receptionist, speak with a nurse, press___________(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 0 for operator).Phrases You May Hear When a Person Answers the Telephone
Good morning. Dr. Smith’s office. How may I___________(help, assist, be of service to) you? Is this an emergency? Is this a___________(sick visit, well visit, first visit, regular appointment, checkup)? Have you been to this office before? When? Could you please hold on for one moment? Could you kindly wait a minute? I’ll find a nurse for you. Could you please call back during office hours? Who recommended___________(us, this office, Dr. ___________) to you? Is he/she a patient? What___________(health, medical, supplemental) insurance do you have? What___________(is the problem, seems to be the issue, is bothering you, is wrong, is troubling you)? What is the matter? I’m sorry,___________ I didn’t (understand, get that, catch what you said). Could you please___________ (repeat, speak more slowly, say that again, spell that for me, spell that name again)?Phrases You May Hear When Making an Appointment
The doctor can see you___________ (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, tomorrow, next week). What time works best for you? Is morning or afternoon better? Is___________(first thing in the morning, after lunch, 9:30 a.m., 2 p.m., the first appointment, the last appointment of the day) good for you? Please bring___________(your insurance card, your insurance information, your medical history, a photo ID, your birth certificate, your passport, a current green card). Please bring an adult who speaks your language and English.Pronunciation: Days of the Week
| Monday | /Munday/ |
| Tuesday | /Toozday/ |
| Wednesday | /Wenzday/ |
| Thursday | /Therzday/ |
| Friday | /Fryday/ |
| Saturday | /Saterday/ |
| Sunday | /Sunday/ |
Phrases to Say on the Telephone When Making a Doctor’s Appointment
Is Dr. Smith available next week? Evenings work better for me. Yes, I can make that time. No, it’s not urgent, just a checkup. Does___________(the doctor, the nurse, the receptionist, someone in the office) speak___________(Spanish, French, Japanese, Portuguese, my language)? Do I need to___________(bring, find, hire)___________ (an interpreter, a friend, someone who speaks my language and English)? I prefer to be examined by a female doctor.Writing Dates in the United States
When the doctor’s office gives you an appointment, remember how dates are written in the United States: the month first, the day next, and the year last. The 23rd day of April in the year 2011 could be written April 23, 2011, or 4/23/11. In many other countries, this date would be written with the day before the month: 23 April 2011 or 23/4/11.
Describing Aches and Pains
There are five parts of the body in which the word ache (pronounced /ake/) can be attached as part of the word:
A backache An earache (an because ear begins with a vowel [a, e, i, o, u]) ▪ A headache A stomachache (pronounced /stomikake/)—children also call it a bellyache or tummy ache A toothacheYou can also say, “I have a pain in my___________(back, ear, head, stomach, tooth).” You may also say, “I have a sore ___________(back, ear, head, stomach, tooth).” Another way to say this is, “My___________(back, ear, head, stomach, tooth) hurts.”
Some ailments or illnesses are used with a or the. For example, say, “I have a sore throat”; “I have a fever”; “I have a temperature”; “He has a cold”; “She has the flu.”
Phrases to Say in the Doctor’s Office or When Describing an Ailment
Where should I wait for the doctor? Do I need to fill out a new-patient form? I have a/an/the___________. stomachache headache backache toothache earache sore throat fever cold flu Should I stay in the___________(waiting room, examination room, doctor’s office)? I have a___________(pain, lump) in my___________ (shoulder, hip, knee, back, stomach, toe). I have a___________(sore, bruise, rash) on my ___________(chest, back, arm, leg, stomach). This has been___________(bothering me, hurting, aching, annoying me) for___________(a few days, a week, a couple of weeks).Phrases for Clarifying a Diagnosis
What is the diagnosis? What is my problem? What is (wrong with me, the matter with me)? What is the prognosis? What do I need to do? What is this condition called? What is the next step? Where does this come from? What should I do to keep this condition under control? Do you have any___________(written information, pamphlets) about this condition? Do you have any sample medications for this condition? Are there any side effects with this medication? Are there interactions with other drugs I’m taking? Do I need to get an appointment with a specialist? Do I need to get___________(a second opinion, another opinion)? Please, could you___________(say that again, explain that more slowly)? Please, could you give me more information? I am nervous about this. I am unfamiliar with this condition. I am not clear about what you are saying. I am confused. I am not fluent in English. Please repeat what you said.Phrases You May Hear from the Doctor or Nurse
What medications are you taking? Are you allergic to___________(any medications, any foods, any materials like latex or adhesive)? Do you have any allergies? Are you pregnant? Do you have___________(an advance directive, a living will, a power of attorney)? Who is your next of kin? Please___________(take, have the pharmacy fill) this prescription. Here are some samples of the medication I___________ (want you to take, have prescribed for you, think will help you, feel will relieve your symptoms). Please call the office to tell me/us how the medication is working. Please call the office to make a follow-up appointment. See the receptionist___________(before you leave, on the way out, at the desk) to___________(make a follow-up appointment, pick up sample medication to get started, pay your co-pay).Idioms and Other Vocabulary
A few: not many of something you can count
Addressed: paid attention to, answered
Adhesive: a sticky substance used to make some medical products (bandages)
Advance directive ( also living will): a legal paper that details your wishes if you should become unable to make serious medical decisions
Allergic: becoming sick when using a particular medicine, eating a particular food, or using a particular product
Allergies: reactions you have when exposed to a substance you are allergic to
Annoying: making you feel uncomfortable
Available: freed up to do one’s job/work
Bothering: disturbing, annoying, hurting
Bruise: mark or discoloration on the skin
Call back during office hours: make this call again when the office is open
Catch: hear or understand
Check with: get information from
Choices: places where you feel more comfortable or better helped
Colleagues: people you work with
Concerns: what is worrying or bothering you
Condition: disease or medical issue
Confused: not clear about, don’t understand
Consumer: person who uses the services
Co-pay: the patient’s/insured’s share of the cost of the appointment
Diagnosis: decision about what is wrong or what the medical problem is
Do your homework: prepare, get ready
Examination room: room where the doctor looks at and talks to you about your medical issues
Explain: make clear
Feel comfortable: think this is the place for you
Fever: a higher than normal (98.6°F in the U.S.) temperature
Follow-up appointment: another appointment after this one
Get started: to begin
Get that: understand that, hear that
Hang up: end the phone call
Hire: give paid employment to
Hold on: don’t hang up the telephone
Interactions: effects of one medication on another medication
Issues: problems
Latex: a substance used in making doctors’ rubber examination gloves
Living will: (see Advance directive)
Lump: small hard area under the skin
Medical professionals: people trained in the field of medicine, including doctors, nurses, and other people involved in medical care
Minor: relatively unimportant
Nervous: worried about, not relaxed
Next of kin: closest living relative(s)
Next step: the thing to do after this
Office staff: nurses, technicians, receptionists, people who work in doctors’ offices
Pamphlets: Folded or stapled paper with brief information
Past medical records: reports from doctors and hospitals in your country
Patient: a person who gets medical treatment
Picked up: answered the telephone
Power of attorney: written document giving authority to a person you have chosen to sign legal papers for you if you become unable to do so yourself
Prescription: form written by a doctor ordering medication from a pharmacy
Prognosis: what the doctor predicts will happen in the future with this disease or illness
Rash: reddish discoloration of the skin
Receptionist: a person who has the job to welcome people who come to the doctor’s office
Recommendations: people saying you should go to or use this doctor
Referral service: service to help people select or choose doctors or other medical services
Relieve: to ease pain or problems
Sample medications (also samples): free medication a doctor can give you until you get to a pharmacy with your prescription (These are often given to the doctor by pharmaceutical reps—people who represent the drug companies.)
Second opinion: advice of another doctor about this issue
Sick visit: doctor’s visit when you are sick (ill) and need fast care
Side effects: negative reactions from a drug that is helping make your sickness better
Specialist: a doctor who treats only a certain disease or area of the body
Spell: say the letters of a word in order
Sore throat: pain and redness in the throat (passageway in back of the mouth leading to the stomach)
Supplemental: added to other, regular insurance
Supply: give, offer
Symptoms: physical issues that accompany an illness or injury
The matter: wrong, the problem
Under control: taken care of, being treated with success
Unfamiliar: new, different, not what you know
Waiting room: room where patients wait to be called in to see the doctor
Well visit: doctor’s visit when you are not sick (ill) to check on your general health
What is the matter? (sounds like /whatsamata/): What’s wrong?
Whatever: anything you have that is needed
Where does this come from?: How did I get this problem?
Wrong: not good, not right
CHAPTER 
Making and Keeping a Dental Appointment
Probably nobody likes to go to the dentist, but probably everyone knows that if you need a dentist in an emergency situation, the pain can be unbearable. Therefore, it is important to line up a dental practice or a dental care provider before you really need one. Again, if you are new to the United States, rule one is to ask a friend, a neighbor, a colleague, or a dental referral service for recommendations. The health care benefits at your place of work may include a dental program that lists local dentists. There are also referral services such as 1-800-Dentist and Angie’s List. Be aware when you call that some services charge for joining before giving referrals.
Vocabulary Hint: Terms for People
Nobody = not one person
Everybody = each and every person
Somebody = one person (Somebody, call the dentist.)
Anybody = one person (question form for somebody: Didn’t anybody call the dentist?)
Also used: no one, everyone, someone, anyone.
All these words are singular and take the singular forms of verbs: Everyone is here. Nobody cares.
Phrases to Use to Find a Dental Office or Dentist
Can you recommend a good dentist? Could you recommend a dentist you’re happy with? I would like to find a dentist in my area. I would like to find a dentist for my child. I’m looking for a dental hygienist in my city. I need to find a dentist for___________(an appointment, a cleaning, an emergency, my child). I___________(don’t have, have) dental insurance.You can tell a lot from a regular cleaning appointment at a dentist’s office—about the dentist, the hygienist, the staff, the office space itself, and the condition of the equipment. If you aren’t comfortable with any of these, you may decide to try another dental office before continuing if/when you need more-involved dental work.
Phrases to Say on the Telephone Before the Dental Appointment
Yes, I will bring my dental records. Yes, I can bring my previous x-rays. I have my insurance card and a photo ID. I can send for my documents. Is there any other information from my dentist in ___________(your country) that you___________(need, have to have translated)?Phrases to Say About Insurance
I___________(have, do not have) dental insurance. My policy is with___________(name of your insurance company), and my policy number is___________(policy number on your insurance card). Do you accept this insurance? Is there a co-pay, or will you accept what my insurance pays? If you don’t accept my insurance, how much is ___________(a dental checkup, an x-ray, a cleaning)? Since you don’t accept my insurance, could you recommend ___________(a clinic, a dental school, a dentist who might accept my insurance), please?Grammar Hint: Tooth (One) vs. Teeth (More than One)
You always say “toothache,” never “teethache,” even if more than one tooth hurts. If more than one tooth hurts, you say, “My teeth ache.”
It’s always toothpaste, never teethpaste, and toothbrush, never teethbrush.
Say, “I have a toothache,” or “My tooth hurts,” or “My tooth aches,” or “I have a pain in my tooth,” or “My teeth hurt,” or “My teeth ache.”
Phrases to Describe Your Problem
I need a dental checkup. I need a cleaning. When may I make an appointment? I have a___________(slight, bad, very bad) toothache. My tooth hurts. My teeth ache. My gums are bleeding. My tongue is swollen. My jaw is sore. I have trouble___________(chewing, biting, biting down). I have a problem with eating cold foods. I experience discomfort drinking hot drinks. My gums are sensitive. I have discomfort when I swallow. I have a problem swallowing. I grind my teeth when I sleep. At night, I bite the inside of my mouth. I feel pain in my jaw when I wake up.Phrases You May Hear from the Dentist
When was your last___________(dental appointment, cleaning, visit to a dentist)? Where was this appointment? Did you have dental___________(x-rays, films) taken? Are you pregnant? Do you have your___________(x-rays, films, dental records) with you? Please___________(open, open wide, open your mouth). Please turn your face (toward me, away from me). Please open your mouth more. Please___________(close, close your mouth, close a little). Now you can___________(rinse, spit into the basin, spit into the bowl, take some water and rinse out your mouth). Please point to where the pain is. Show me where it hurts. Touch where it is tender. Does it hurt when you___________(chew, bite down, drink hot/cold beverages)? Do you want/need___________(to be put to sleep, me to use gas, to be injected with Novocain) before I ___________(drill, pull the tooth, work on your gums, start the root canal)? Are you allergic to___________(any medications, anything)? Have you ever had a reaction to Novocain? I’d like you to see a We’ll give you___________(a prescription for pain medication, a prescription for antibiotics, another appointment). Here is___________(a special toothbrush, toothpaste, dental floss, mouthwash).Phrases to Use During the Dental Appointment
I need a cleaning. Do I need x-rays? I don’t want x-rays, because I___________(am/may be pregnant, just had them six months ago). I have a___________(terrible, bad, slight, constant) toothache. The pain is___________(constant, intermittent, sharp, dull). This is where the pain is. This is where it___________(hurts, is tender, is sore, aches). I have___________(false teeth, a bridge, an upper bridge, a lower bridge, an implant, veneers). I___________(am allergic to, have an allergy to, have a reaction to)___________(names of medications). My___________(jaw, mouth, lips, gums) are numb. Will I need___________(a root canal, a tooth pulled, a cavity filled, any other dental work)? Will I need to___________(come back, have a return visit)? Do I need a prescription for___________(pain, swelling, bleeding)? Can you recommend an orthodontist for my___________ (child, son, daughter)? My daughter’s teeth are coming in crooked. I may need an orthodontist. He/She may need___________(braces, a retainer, orthodontic work). Can you recommend a good pedodontist in the area?Idioms and Other Vocabulary
Aches: dull, not sharp pains
Aware: have knowledge of
Basin: sink
Be allergic to (also have an allergy to): experience a negative reaction to food, medicine, material, etc.
Beverages: drinks—hot or cold, alcoholic or not
Bite (also bite down): press your teeth onto
Braces: wires used to straighten teeth
Bridge: artificial teeth connected with metal to other teeth in the mouth
Cavity: hole in a tooth caused by decay
Chew: bite down on many times
Clinic: place where dental work is done at a lower cost than at a private dentist
Co-pay: amount a patient with insurance must pay for dental work (The insurance pays for a portion of the dental work, and the patient pays the rest, the co-pay.)
Dental floss: strong, thin string used to clean between teeth
Dental school: a school where dentists study and do supervised dental work at a lower cost than a private dental office
Drill: use an electric tool for making holes in teeth
Dull: not severe, not very bad
Gas: chemical used to put someone to sleep during dental procedures
Gums: parts inside mouth that hold teeth
Hurts: gives pain
Implant: artificial tooth inserted into gum
Injected: put into the body with a needle
Intermittent: not constant
Jaw: bone of the lower face
Line up: arrange for
Mouthwash: liquid used to kill germs or bacteria and make mouth fresh
Novocain: drug used to take away feeling of pain during dental work
Numb: not able to feel pain
Oral surgeon: dentist who operates on the mouth or jaw
Orthodontist: dentist who straightens crooked teeth
Pain: feeling of hurt
Pedodontist: dentist specially trained to treat children
Periodontist: a dental specialist who works on gums
Point to: show with your finger
Practice: professional office
Probably: in most cases, often, more likely
Prosthodontist: dental specialist in replacement of missing teeth and restoration of natural teeth
Pull the tooth: take out the tooth with dental tools
Put to sleep: use gas during dental procedures
Reaction to: bad effect from e.g. skin rash
Recommend: advise
Retainer: object worn in the mouth to hold teeth in place
Rinse: use clean water to remove blood and dental solutions
Root canal: a dental procedure where the root of the tooth is treated and the tooth is not removed
Sharp: sudden and strong
Slight: very little
Sore: painful
Spit: empty your mouth of liquid that accumulates in your mouth
Swallowing: action of making food go down the throat
Swollen: enlarged because of infection or injury
Tender: hurts or is painful if touched
Tooth (singular; plural is teeth): (see sidebar earlier in chapter)
Toothache: (see sidebar earlier in chapter)
Touch: put finger or hand on
Toward: in the direction of
Unbearable: extremely bad or painful
Veneers: thin enamel layers used to cover teeth
Wide: very big from one side to the other
CHAPTER 
Emergency Room and Hospital Care
Hopefully, you or your loved ones may never need emergency medical care or a hospital stay, but if you do, you must be prepared to communicate quickly, clearly, and effectively. Do not wait until an emergency to know and understand essential phrases.
In the United States, you dial 9-1-1 on the telephone to reach an emergency operator who can coordinate help for you. The number you call is pronounced “nine-one-one,” not “nine-eleven.” To Americans and many others, “nine eleven” refers to the date of September (the ninth month) 11, 2001, when terrorists attacked the World Trade Center towers in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, DC.
If you hear “Call 9-1-1!” it means to call those numbers on a telephone.
Reasons to call 9-1-1 include police and fire emergencies, which are covered in Part 3, Chapters 12 and 13, as well as true medical emergencies. Don’t confuse 9-1-1 with 4-1-1, which is for information—specifically, finding out telephone numbers—or 0 for operator, which is for telephone problems only.
Phrases You May Hear if You Call 9-1-1
What is your emergency? Do you have a medical emergency? What is your full name? Are you injured? Do you need an ambulance? Are you___________? bleeding dizzy ill sick weak What is your relationship to the victim? Is the victim breathing? Can he/she speak? Are his/her airways blocked? Look inside his/her mouth. Do you know___________(mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, CPR)? Someone can talk you through these procedures, if you ___________(aren’t sure about, don’t know how to use) them. Where are you? What is your street address? Do you know the cross street? There is an ambulance on the way. The EMTs will help you. Remain at the scene until the emergency vehicle arrives. Do not move the victim. Keep the victim warm, if possible. Where___________(are you, is this emergency, is this happening)?If you call 9-1-1, be brief. Say what you have to say and what the operator needs to hear in order to get you help as soon as possible. If a person who is fluent in English is with you, give him/her the phone, but don’t take the time to go look for someone. Answer all the questions you are asked by the professional on the phone as best you can, and do what that person tells you to do until help arrives.
Phrases You Say if Calling 9-1-1
I need help! Hurry, send help! This is an emergency! Please hurry! There has been___________(an auto, a car, a motorcycle, a boating, a train, a swimming) accident. I have chest pains. I can’t breathe. I have had an accident. I___________(fell down the stairs and hurt my back, slipped on a wet floor and think I broke my arm). My daughter is choking. My son is choking on a piece of meat, and I can’t get it out.Sometimes people with serious medical issues go to the emergency room at a hospital on their own, by themselves, or by car if they are able to. There is reserved parking for the emergency department.
In the emergency room, patients are treated, after being assessed, in the order of the seriousness of their conditions. This method is called triage. Emergency rooms in hospitals are often very crowded, and you may have to wait quite a while before being seen by a nurse or doctor.
Phrases You May Hear in an Emergency Room or at a Reception Desk
What happened? How did you get here? Did you get here by ambulance? Is someone with you? Can they take you home? Should we get a translator for you? Is there someone, a bilingual adult, who can translate for you? The person who translates for you cannot be a child. Have you ever been a patient in this hospital? When were you a patient in this hospital? Do you have___________(medical insurance, Medicare, Medicaid)? Are you responsible for the payment of the bills today? Please___________(fill out, fill in, write, print) ___________(all these papers, both sides of these forms, all the information, the lines highlighted, the information checked). Sign all these forms. We need your signature on these forms. Do you have any questions? Do you need to___________(use our Language Line, call a bilingual friend or relative)? Do you need us to find someone to___________(translate, interpret, act as an interpreter, act as a translator) for you? Who is your___________(nearest, closest)___________ (relative, blood relative, family member)? We need your___________(consent, permission, written consent, signature) to___________(examine, check, take blood from, medically test) you.Phrases You May Hear from a Doctor or Nurse
Are you pregnant? What medications are you on? When was the last time you took these medications? Do you have your medications with you? Do you have a list of your medications? Are you allergic to any medications? Whatever you___________(say, tell us, confide in us) will be___________(private, confidential, released only with your permission). The doctor has checked your___________(test results, x-rays, blood tests). The doctor would like to___________(do more tests, consult with a specialist, keep you here). I would like you to stay until we are sure that you are fully recovered. We would like to treat you as___________(an outpatient, an inpatient).Phrases You May Hear When Leaving a Hospital
Everything___________(is fine, checks out, seems in order). You are free to go. You may go home. You can___________(sign out, be released) from the hospital. If you choose to leave, you must sign yourself out AMA. Please wait for someone to take you___________(to admitting, upstairs, downstairs, to the next step). Do you have___________(your car, a ride home)? Is there someone___________(with you, to drive you home)? You came in an ambulance; do you need transportation home? Should we___________(call someone to pick you up, get a taxicab for you, make other arrangements)? You will have to go downstairs in a wheelchair and with a ___________(nurse, aide, hospital employee).The move from an emergency room to a hospital stay or even back home is a traumatic transition. You have been through an ordeal and may be nervous, frightened, scared, or worried. Certainly, you will be worn out. Sometimes being admitted to the hospital is a precaution or because of a minor issue. Remain positive and calm; this attitude could even improve your condition.
Idioms and Other Vocabulary
Admitting: hospital department where you/they fill out forms before you become a patient in a hospital
Airways blocked: breathing passages not clear
AMA: against medical advice
Ambulance: special vehicle used to take sick or hurt people to the hospital
Assessed: judged, decided on
Blood relative: a person related to you by birth
Breathing problems: trouble breathing without help
Brief: short
By oneself (or myself, or yourself, or himself, or herself, or ourselves, or yourselves, or themselves): alone
Calm: relaxed
Can speak: is able to talk after the injury or illness
Choking: unable to breathe
Confuse: mistake one thing and think it is a different thing
CPR (see also mouth-to-mouth resuscitation): cardiopulmonary resuscitation, breathing into the victim’s mouth and pushing on his/her chest to restart breathing and the heart beating
Cross street: the street that meets your street at the corner and leads to and from your street
Crowded: filled with many people or things
Dizzy: feeling unbalanced, not steady on your feet
Emergency room (also emergency department): section of a hospital that treats patients who are seriously injured or sick
EMTs: emergency medical technicians
Fill in (also fill out): give written information asked for on a form
Finding out: getting information
Heart attack: condition when the heart stops working
Hemorrhaging: bleeding very heavily
Inpatient: a person staying in the hospital for at least one night
Interpret: change into another language (Interpret is for spoken language; translate is for written language.)
Keep warm: cover with a blanket, coat, or what you have
Language Line: service that makes interpreters and translators available on the telephone
Look for: try to locate
Medicaid: U.S. government program that helps pay for medical care for people without money to pay
Medicare: U.S. government program that helps pay for medical care for older people
Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation: part of CPR, breathing into someone’s mouth to start up his/her breathing
On one’s own: without help
Ordeal: very difficult situation
Outpatient: a person who comes to the hospital for an emergency or even for a surgery but goes home without staying overnight
Precaution: preventative action taken to stop something dangerous from happening
Print: put down letters one by one without joining or connecting them
Procedures: way of doing certain things
Professional: person trained to perform certain work
Quite a while: a lot of time
Relationship: connection, the way two people are connected
Remain: stay, don’t leave
Reserved: saved for
Responsible for: in charge of
Scene: place where something happened
Signature: your name signed for legal papers
Specialist: doctor who treats one area of medicine or one disease (for example, a cardiologist treats heart disease, and a pulmonologist treats diseases of the lungs).
Stroke: illness in which blood in an artery stops moving
Talk you through: give you instructions in how to do something
Transition: change
Translate: change into another language (Translate is for written language; interpret is for spoken language.)
Traumatic: very disturbing
Treated: taken care of medically
Triage: system of giving emergency medical care according to the seriousness of the injury or illness
True medical emergencies: serious accidents or serious illness, such as heart attacks, strokes, choking, breathing problems, and hemorrhaging
Victim: person who is ill (sick) or very hurt
Weak: not physically strong
Wheelchair: a chair with wheels used to wheel someone who cannot or should not walk when leaving a hospital (After someone has been a patient, hospitals have a rule that they not walk or leave without a hospital employee.)
Worn out: very tired
Write: Form letters by hand that are attached, not printed separately
CHAPTER 
The Pharmacy
In the United States, the terms pharmacy and drugstore are used interchangeably. Formerly, a pharmacy prepared medications, and a drugstore dispensed them. Now many supermarkets also have pharmacies that fill prescriptions. Pharmacies and/or drugstores sell over-the-counter medicines, administer inoculations, and sell toys, candy, cosmetics, and numerous other articles as well as filling physicians’ prescriptions. This may be different from the chemist shop or apothecary in many countries.
The dispensing of prescription medicine is overseen by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States. The pharmacist is usually a wonderful source of information such as drug ingredients, drug interactions, proper dosages, side effects, and generic equivalents, as well as prescriptions. The Rx (some say Rx is from the Latin for recipe) is represented on labels, stores, and elsewhere.
Even for those fluent in English, drug labels and explanations can be confusing or difficult to understand. FDA regulations call for full disclosure of all possible side effects and drug interactions, so the language is technical.
Phrases to Say When Calling or Talking to the Pharmacy
What are your hours? When are you open until? Are you a 24-hour pharmacy? Do you accept___________(checks, cash, credit cards, debit cards)? What ID do I need? I just moved here from___________ (your country). I have a prescription that I need___________(today, tonight, in 24 hours). Will that be a problem? Is there a drive-through at your drugstore? Is there someone___________(there, in the drugstore, in your department) who speaks___________(your language)? Is there a Language Line to translate or interpret the ___________(instructions, directions, label information) for me into my language? Do you carry homeopathic remedies? May I___________(pay for, check out, purchase) other items at the pharmacy counter, or do I have to go to a separate cashier?Doctors, hospitals, pharmacies, etc., ask for a list of medications. Make a list and keep it with you. The list should include vitamins, homeopathic remedies, and other herbal substances. This list will be used many times.
Phrases to Use in the Pharmacy
Are you the pharmacist? May I speak with the pharmacist? The/My doctor gave me this prescription. I am a new customer. I am___________(new here, new in the United States). Do I need to___________(fill out a form, show you identification)? May I pay with___________(a credit card, a debit card, a check, cash)? When will the prescription be ready? When can I pick up the medication? Do you deliver? I___________(don’t drive, don’t have a car, have a vision problem, just had surgery). May I___________(wait for this, come back later, pick this up tomorrow)? How long will this take? How much will this cost? What type of___________(language services, translation, telephone interpretation, in-person interpretation) do you provide? I don’t need a childproof cap. There are no children in my home, and it is too difficult for me to open, because I have ___________(arthritis, rheumatism). May I renew prescriptions over the phone?Phrases to Use When Talking with the Pharmacist
How often should I take this? How many times a day? Does this interact with my other prescriptions? Here’s a list of medications I’m taking. Is there a generic equivalent for this drug? Is the generic as effective as the name brand? How much does the generic cost? What are the side effects of this prescription? Can I drive after taking this medicine? Will this make me drowsy? Should I take this with___________(food, meals)? Should I take this___________(without food, on an empty stomach)? Do I take this___________(first thing in the morning, before bed)? Does this medication come in___________(a tablet, a capsule, a liquid, a flavored liquid)? My child can’t take pills; does this come in a liquid? Does this cough medicine come in a flavored liquid? Do you have translating capability to give me instructions in my native language?Phrases You May Hear on a Recorded Message When You Call the Pharmacy
This is___________(name of store). Press___________(number on the keypad) to___________ (speak to a pharmacist, speak to the pharmacy department, renew your prescription, refill a prescription). Please___________(say, punch in, press, enter) your prescription number. Please___________(hold on, wait) while we___________ (check, confirm, look up) your prescription. Press 1 to confirm a pickup time, 2 to fill another prescription. Your prescription will be___________(ready, done, filled) ___________(today, tomorrow). Press 1 to enter a pickup time. We___________(have to, must, will) check with your ___________(physician, doctor) about a___________ (renewal, refill). We’ll call you___________(about a pickup time, if there’s a problem). To end this call, press___________(star, pound, 0, any key).Phrases You May Hear from the Pharmacist
Do you have any questions about this drug? We don’t have the complete prescription. May I give you these to___________(tide you over, hold you, keep you going) until I___________(order, get, find at another store)___________(the rest, the remainder, more) of this medication? Did you know that this medication comes in a generic form? Did your doctor tell you that this prescription is available in a generic form? The generic is available for___________(half the price, much less, a lower cost).Idioms and Other Vocabulary
Administer: give out
Childproof cap: bottle cap made so that children cannot open the cap (lid or top) of the container
Cough: sound of air being sent out of the throat (passage at back of mouth)
Dispensed: gave out
Drive-through (also drive-thru): place in some pharmacies, banks, or stores where you don’t get out of the car but instead drive up to a window and do business
Drowsy: tired, falling asleep
Effective: working well, doing a good job
Flavored: given a better taste (In medicines, this is especially done for children.)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA): federal government agency that checks to see if food and drugs are safe
Formerly: at a time before
Full disclosure: tell everything about a subject
Generic equivalents: drugs not made by a particular pharmaceutical manufacturer and, therefore, not sold under a brand name
Hold you: provide you enough until the full prescription becomes available
Inoculations: injections to protect against particular diseases
Interchangeably: with the same meaning (For words used interchangeably, you may say or write either word.)
Interpret: change spoken language to another language
Keep you going: give you a supply until you can get more
Language Line: service that interprets or translates spoken or written language
List of medications: list of all the medicines you are taking
On an empty stomach: before eating or drinking anything
Over-the-counter: available for sale without a prescription (Over-the-counter medications are usually on shelves in the store, not behind the counter, table, or shelf that separates you from the prescription medications and the pharmacist.)
Pound: the # on a telephone
Press: push down, as a number on the telephone (The term also means to iron—pronounced /ayern/—clothes.)
Punch in: push down, as a number on the telephone
Renew (also refill): get more of
Rx: the written abbreviation of the word prescription
Source: where something comes from
Star: the * on a telephone
Tide you over: provide a temporary supply that is enough to take until the full supply becomes available
Translate: change written language to another language
24-hour pharmacy: a pharmacy that never closes, is open 24 hours a day, every day
Part 2 Notes Section
PART 3
Discovering Community Resources
Active Learning Advice:
Watch TV in English
Watch TV in English
Watch TV in English, even if you start with 10 minutes a day or night. If you live with your family or friends, watch 10 minutes or a short program together in English. Keep a small pad of paper and a pen or pencil nearby. Write down in English or in your language any words, situations, or ideas that you don’t understand. After the program, during the commercials, or during a pause you create, you and the others can discuss your questions or other things you have written down. They may understand what you don’t; you may understand what they don’t. If you have recorded the program, you may watch it again after the discussion, looking up words in the dictionary or checking the new vocabulary on your computer. Regularly increase the amount of time watching/speaking in English.
Good Programs for Starting This Activity
Children’s TV programs—Cartoons, “Sesame Street,” “Dora the Explorer,” or whatever is popular and appropriate. Watch with the children in the house, with adults, or alone. Soap operas—The plots of these programs are similar to the plots of the soap operas of your native country. The characters, the settings, and the situations are constant. These are not for watching with children. Reality or game shows—”Dancing with the Stars,” “American Idol,” “The Biggest Loser,” and other shows where an activity is taking place are easier to understand than quiz shows where the question-and-answer format is more difficult to keep track of. News shows are more complex unless you are familiar with the news (know it from news in your language). Speech is usually faster and the program moves quickly from topic to topic. Rent or buy videos or DVDs of older TV shows. The language is often easier to understand. Examples of these include “I Love Lucy,” “The Mary Tyler Moore Show,” “Cheers,” and many other situation comedies (sitcoms). Commercials are particularly good for hearing the latest language (idioms, new computer words, and terms for the latest products). Watching them also lets you observe more about the latest cultural trends.Idioms and Other Vocabulary
Appropriate: good for the situation, what is needed
Complex: difficult to understand
Constant: happening regularly
Create: make happen (For example, create time to talk by pausing the TV or saying, “Let’s stop every 15 minutes to review.”)
Keep track of: follow, understand
Pause: short stop before starting again
Sitcoms: short for situation comedies, funny TV programs in which the same people appear in different situations
Soap operas (also serials): ongoing TV programs aired in separate sections (Soap operas got this name because some operas have romantic and/or tragic plots similar to these programs and originally most of the advertisers for the programs were soap companies.)
Topic: subject
Trends: the way the culture is changing
CHAPTER 
First Responders: Fire Departments, Police Departments, and Emergency Medical Personnel
First responders are people trained to be at emergencies and dangerous situations that require immediate attention. These situations include fires, crimes, and medical issues. When there is such an emergency, the telephone number to call for help is 9-1-1, which is pronounced nine-one-one, not nine-eleven. Call 9-1-1 only for a true emergency. It is considered a crime to use this telephone number for less serious situations.
Especially if you have children, it is a good idea to plan trips to a local fire department, police department, and hospital. An exercise you might have with your family or group might be to come up with a list of questions to ask at these places so that you get the most information and help possible. Call first to see about the best time for your visits. Even with an appointment, these visits may be interrupted by an emergency the responders need to address.
The Fire Marshall’s Association of North America sponsors the program EDITH, which means Exit Drills in the Home. This program encourages families to plan ahead.
Phrases You May Hear at Your Local Fire Department
Practice; have fire drills. Do not have matches where children can get them. Don’t play with matches. Don’t try to put out a fire yourself. Don’t fight a fire yourself. Plan a place for everyone to meet outside the house and away from the house and trees. Decide on ways to___________(exit, leave, get out of) the home. Find exits from each room in the home; these are doors and windows. Close the door when leaving a room to try to contain the fire. Touch the top part of a door; do not open it if it is hot. Open a door slowly if it is cool and close it quickly if smoke or heat is present. Do not use elevators; use stairs. You need___________(a smoke detector, a fire extinguisher, an escape ladder). Make certain that children understand not to hide ___________(under furniture, in closets). Get out fast. Don’t take time to___________(get dressed, get your things, find your pets). Crawl on the floor because there is more fresh air there. Call 9-1-1___________(from a neighbor’s house, using a cell phone you have with you and not one you stopped to look for) after everyone is out of the house at the meeting place. Tell the emergency operator___________(the address, the apartment number, the cross street, the telephone number you are calling from, the type of fire). Speak slowly and clearly; answer all questions. Do not keep gasoline stored in your house or garage. If you have an open fireplace, use a screen in front of the fireplace. Do not leave clothing or newspaper near a space heater or stove. Don’t leave cigarettes burning in ashtrays. Dispose of fireplace ashes properly.Phrases to Say at the Fire Station
When should people call 9-1-1 about a fire? What do we say when we call about___________(a fire, smoke)? When should people just call the fire department for information? What type of information? What are the responsibilities of a fire fighter? Where is the alarm? May we see the hook and ladder? How many smoke alarms should we have in our ___________(house, home, apartment, condo), and where should they be? What kind of fire alarm do we need? Is one alarm enough? We like to light candles at dinner. Is that OK? What if the electricity goes out? My daughter talks about becoming a fire fighter. What are the___________(requirements, skills, classes) she should know about?Phrases You May Hear at the Police Station
You may call the local police station for town or city emergencies. You may call the local police about local directions. Call 9-1-1 about crimes such as___________(breaking and entering, robbery, burglary, stolen cars, vandalism). Drivers should obey speed limits and traffic rules. You may get tickets and points on your license for speeding and other infractions of the law. You may also have your driver’s license suspended or revoked. Check with the DMV about the rules in your state. Trim bushes that block the view from windows or make hiding places. Trim trees that provide access to a second-floor window. Don’t open your door to strangers. Make sure all windows and all outside doors can be securely locked. Make sure all fences and gates lock securely and that they are strong. If you have a garage, keep it locked. Use outside lighting for evenings and an automatic timer to turn lights on and off for sunup and sundown and when you are away. Use a safe-deposit box at your bank or a vault with a deadlock at home for your most valuable property and papers. List identifying numbers, serial and otherwise, and pictures of jewelry and artifacts in a safe place to identify objects that may be fenced.Phrases to Say at the Police Station
What does the chief of police do? What does a detective do? What does a police officer do? What is a___________(cop, plainclothes officer, traffic policeman, police commissioner)? When should we call 9-1-1? When should we call the police station for information? Is the jail in the police station? May we see your badge, and could you explain what everything on it means? Someone stole my bike from school last week. I reported it to the school; should I___________(report it to you, fill out a report)? I saw___________(someone, a suspect) riding a bicycle like mine that day. I think I can___________(describe, tell you) what he looks like. My friend was with me; he was a witness. My son thinks he would like to be a police officer. What does he need to do? What courses does he need to take, and what training should he have?It would be difficult to interview a paramedic or an EMT unless you were in an emergency situation yourself. It is a growing field of work and a lot of training is involved. Certain personality traits, physical characteristics, and family conditions would help you to follow this route. There is much information about the field on the Internet. If you need more, you could ask at a local hospital for more information.
Phrases You May Hear When Calling 9-1-1 for Crimes and Fire (Nonmedical)
Do you want help from the police, the fire department, or an ambulance? What are you reporting? Please speak in short, clear sentences. I’m transferring you to someone who speaks___________ (your language). I’m sending an ambulance. I’m sending a fire truck. I’m sending a patrol car. Where is it happening? Where are you now? What is your (complete) name? Suspect description? Vehicle description? Don’t hang up. A unit is on its way to you. Do you___________(see, smell) smoke? Where’s the fire? How many people are in the___________(building, home)? Is there anyone inside? Is anyone injured? Please keep calm. Help is on the way.Idioms and Other Vocabulary
Access: way to enter
Automatic timer: a device that can be set to turn lights on and off at specific times
Considered: thought to be
Contain: keep from spreading
Crawl: go along on your hands and knees
Crime: an illegal act
Cross street: the street that meets your street at the corner and leads to and from your street
DMV: Department of Motor Vehicles
EDITH (Exit Drills in the Home): a process for planning to get your family safely out of your home if a fire starts (This plan is sponsored by the Fire Marshall’s Association of North America.)
EMT: emergency medical technician, person trained to give care to people before they get to a hospital
Encourages: promotes, gets people to do
Escape ladder: a folding metal ladder that can hook onto a windowsill
Family conditions: responsibilities to your family (To be an EMT, you must be able to leave suddenly and at any time to help people.)
Fenced: sold illegally gotten or stolen goods
Growing field: type of work with more jobs becoming available
Hide: get out of sight
Hook and ladder: a fire engine with long ladders attached to it
Infractions: law-breaking or rule-breaking acts
Interrupted: stopped while still in progress
Less: not as much as, not as important as
Obey: do what you are told
Paramedic: person trained to do work of a doctor or nurse yet not one
Personality traits: character, such as sensitivity to people, caring
Physical characteristic: feature of one’s body and what it can do (For example, first responders need strength, such as strong legs and a strong back for lifting people.)
Plainclothes officer: police person who doesn’t wear a uniform but wears regular clothing in order to not be recognized as an officer
Present: there, in existence, visible or felt
Revoked: officially canceled
Screen: wire net inside a frame
Securely: attached tightly
Suspended: officially stopped for a period of time
Type of fire: description of where and how a fire started (for example, started in the kitchen or bedroom, started with a match, spilled gasoline, or an overturned candle)
CHAPTER 
The Post Office
The United States Postal Service (USPS) does much more than just deliver the mail. The USPS sells stamps, postal supplies, and money orders. It also sends mail and packages, including the necessary customs forms for sending mail and packages out of the country. For U.S. citizens, it has all the necessary forms for getting or renewing a passport—and will even take a passport photo.
Additionally, the post office has an active role in community affairs such as helping to find missing children, trying to locate bone marrow donors, alerting the neighborhood about wanted criminals, and performing other valuable services.
The USPS also can help customers connect with other government agencies.
Phrases You May Hear at the Post Office
How may I help you? Next person in line, please! Is there anything___________(hazardous, liquid, breakable, fragile) in this package? Would you like to insure this? Would you like to track this package? Do you want delivery confirmation? How quickly would you like this to arrive at the destination? Do you want to send this Media Mail? You can do this if it is only a book or a video. You forgot to put the zip code on this letter. Do you know it or should I look it up? There is no return address on the upper left corner of this letter. Do you want to___________(add it, put it on, do it and return to the window)? You don’t have to wait in line again. Please tape this box securely. Would you like to buy stamps as well?Phrases to Say at the Post Office: Mailing
When will the (letter, package) that I’m sending arrive? What are my shipment choices and prices for each? How much does it cost to send this package___________ (first class, two-day mail, overnight, media rate)? I sent a___________(letter, package) last week and it hasn’t arrived. Can you check? I want to send this with___________(tracking, return receipt, signature request). I want to send this___________(regular mail, priority mail, overnight). May I insure this package for___________($50, $100, $500)? Is it OK to use this box for shipping? Is this envelope___________(too large, too thick, too heavy) for a first-class stamp? Which is faster, Priority or Express Mail? How much does it cost to send a one-ounce letter to ___________(Ecuador, Russia, Thailand)? How much does each additional ounce cost? May I use a Forever Stamp on this letter to Canada? How much will the postage be to send this letter to Mexico?Phrases to Say at the Post Office: Services
What are your hours, and are you open on weekends? Do you sell___________(address labels, Scotch tape, packing tape, post cards)? May I have___________(change-of-address cards, a card to request that you hold my mail), please? I’d like to buy___________(a roll, a sheet, a book) of stamps. How much does a___________(roll, sheet, book) of stamps cost? Can you hold my mail for___________(a week, a month)? I received a notice that you’re holding a___________(letter, package) for me. I’d like to rent a post office box. I need change-of-address cards, please. I’d like a money order, please. How much does a money order for___________($150, $300, $1,000) cost? May I pay my electric bill here?Idioms and Other Vocabulary
Book: see Roll
Change-of-address cards: information cards you fill out to ensure that your mail is sent to the new address when you move
Forever Stamp: USPS term for a stamp without postage printed on it that is good no matter what the current postage rate is
Fragile: delicate, easily broken
Hazardous: dangerous
Hold my mail: keep my mail at the post office when I go away, so I can pick it up there when I return
Media Mail: USPS term for a postage rate that is cheaper than regular mail but can be used only for books and videos
Notice: communication sent to you from the post office (For example, sometimes the post office sends you notices about mail it is holding for you or other postal issues.)
Overnight: mail sent one day to be received the next day
Rent a post office box: pay for the use of a storage box at the post office that may be rented for a relatively small charge (Different-size post office boxes may be rented; your mail can be sent there instead of to your home or office.)
Return address: your address in the upper left corner (If the mail you are sending doesn’t arrive at the destination, this information can help the post office return it to you.)
Return receipt: receipt signed by person to whom you sent a letter or package
Roll (or sheet or book) of stamps: quantities of stamps that you may buy
Sheet: see Roll
Too large (or too thick or too heavy) for a first-class stamp: greater than the size or weight that you may mail for the price of one first-class stamp (Size or thickness may make it necessary to use additional postage.)
Tracking: following information about your mail to check the date and time it was delivered and who received it
Zip code: one of the five-digit numbers assigned to every area in the United States (The zip code helps the post office deliver the mail more easily.)
CHAPTER 
The Bank
Banks offer checking and savings accounts as well as other financial services. Lending departments provide personal and business loans, mortgages, and lines of credit. Your banker can help you send money by wire transfers. Financial advice and investment brokerage services are available at some banks. Banks offer their own credit cards and may provide life insurance. Most banks have branches within communities, states, and throughout the country. Major banks are international.
Banks charge many fees for services. Often these charges are not clear. Ask about them. You may also be able to earn interest on certain accounts. Ask questions to ensure that you get all the benefits available to you.
Phrases You May Hear in the Bank
You must maintain a balance of at least $100 in your checking account to avoid fees. If you maintain a balance of at least___________($100, $500, $1,000), we will pay you interest. Your money is insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) for up to $250,000. If you write a check for more than you have in your checking account, we will not honor it. If you write a check that exceeds your balance, we will charge you a $25 fee. Would you like to arrange for us to use your savings account to cover an overdraft in your checking account? We provide overdraft protection. We offer many savings choices: savings accounts, CDs, money market accounts, cash back on debit cards. Do you have your bank card? May I see your ID? Do you know how to use the ATM? Some companies, such as___________(utilities, mortgage companies, cell phone providers), may, with your written consent, automatically charge your checking account. Know which these are so you can deduct those charges from your balance.Phrases to Say in the Bank
I want to open a savings account. I want to open a checking account. How much must I keep in my checking account to earn interest? What is your current interest rate on savings accounts? Please explain your debit card program. What fees should I expect? Please explain. Can you show me how to use the ATM? How do I manage my account online? I would like to pay my bills online. Can you help me with that? I’d like to talk with someone about a___________(personal loan, business loan, home equity loan). I would like to learn about___________(getting a mortgage, refinancing a mortgage). My___________(husband, wife, partner) and I want to open a joint___________(savings, checking) account. I would like to add my___________(husband, wife, partner, son, daughter) to my___________(savings account, checking account, CD, money market account). How do I open an account for my newborn granddaughter? I have a small business in town, and I would like a line of credit to help me___________(manage cash flow, buy equipment, expand my staff). My check was returned by the telephone company. Why? How can I prevent this from happening in the future? May I have a money order for___________(amount)? Can you help me wire money to my son in___________ (California, India)? I hear that you offer a___________(Christmas Club, Holiday Club) account. Please explain how that works.Idioms and Other Vocabulary
ATM: automatic teller machine, a machine that will cash your checks, take your deposits, and allow your withdrawals without a human teller
Balance: the amount of money in your account at all times
Bank card: a bank customer card that proves identification to protect the customer and the bank
Benefits: things that are in your favor or best interest
Branches (also stores): bank locations
Cash flow: movement of money in and out of business or personal accounts
CDs: certificates of deposit that have a stated maturity date and interest rate
Cover: make up the amount of money you are short
Debit card: card that permits an immediate deduction from your bank account for a charge
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): the department of the U.S. government that insures all banks and their deposits up to $250,000 per person
Fees: money charged for services
Financial services: any service that helps you manage your money
Home equity loan: money borrowed by using home ownership as security
Honor: allow, cash
Interest: money your money earns
Investment brokerage: a service that invests clients’ money for them in stocks and bonds for a fee
Joint: involving two or more people
Lines of credit: access to borrowing money from banks or other lending institutions
Maintain: keep
Overdraft: writing a check for more money than you have in your account
Overdraft protection: a service that the bank offers to honor checks that are overdrawn and treat the money as a loan with interest
Refinancing: money provided again for a large purchase, maybe a home, to improve the terms of the original loan
Wire transfers: a way to send money from one bank to another without physically sending a check
CHAPTER 
The Library
The local public library used to be a place that loaned books to adults and children and offered occasional lectures and story hours. Today’s libraries often provide so many services that they function as community centers. Not only are libraries the sites for unlimited services, programs, and materials, but librarians and others who work in libraries are highly trained. They are helpful and knowledgeable about what their library offers and where to start looking for whatever you may need to know. The local public library is a wonderful place to start your search for help in many areas.
Libraries offer lectures on numerous topics, book signings for local authors and others, self-help programs and activities, and a broad array of children’s programs. Additionally, they may partner with other community organizations to bring concerts and other cultural activities to the area.
Phrases You May Hear at the Library
May I help you? Would you like a library card? In addition to your library card application, we need a current driver’s license. You can search for titles using this online catalog. This book is overdue. The fine is___________(50 
, $1.25, amount). We don’t have that book right now. Would you like to be on the waiting list for that book? This is a reference book. You may read it here but cannot check it out. We can get a book from any library in___________(the system, the county, the state). Do you want us to check which library might have the book you want and___________(order it, get it, have it sent here) for you? Do you need help with___________(the computer, the copy machine)? The restrooms are located on the second floor. I can help you find___________(the large-print book section, the CD collection, our DVD shelves, today’s lecture room). Are you on our mailing list?Phrases You May Hear at the Library: Disciplinary
Please___________(be quiet, keep your voice down). Please turn off your cell phone. I’m sorry; this is a no-smoking building. Please, no food or drink is allowed in the library.Phrases to Say at the Library: General Services
I’d like to get a library card. What are your hours? Are you closed on___________(name of a holiday, Sundays, weekends)? I live at___________(your address). Do you have a branch closer to my home? How can I receive your newsletter? Do you have a website? When are these books due? May I just return these books in the book drop? They are not overdue. This book was due last week. What is the fine? Do you have___________(title of a book)? Do you have a waiting list for that book? Where are the___________(cookbooks, travel books, large-print books, nonfiction books, foreign-language books, novels, children’s books)? Do have___________(yesterday’s newspaper, the Philadelphia Inquirer)? Do have magazines? Where? Do you have audiobooks? Do you have a book club? How do I check out an e-book? Do you have books in foreign languages? Do you have books about starting a small business? May I take one of these library maps? Do you have a photocopier?Many people like to listen to audiobooks while they drive or do housework. People with vision or eye problems also listen to audiobooks.
Phrases to Say at the Library: Digital Services
I would like to use a computer. Is there a charge for this? How long may I stay on the computer? Can I print from this computer? Is there a charge for printing? Do you have Wi-Fi so I can use my laptop? Do you offer computer classes? When? What do they cost?Phrases to Say at the Library: Special Programs
I read about children’s programs. Can you tell me more? When are the children’s story hours? Do you have a summer reading program for children? I’m interested in my family history. Do you have a genealogy section? Do you offer___________(English classes, English conversation classes, ESL, ESOL, citizenship classes)? What do they cost? May I have a schedule for (book signings, readings, lectures)? Can you tell me where I can (register to vote, get an absentee ballot, pay my taxes)? Where do I sign up for___________(ESL classes, the business series, the children’s program)? Is there a fee for that? Do you offer business classes? Can you tell me where else I might find them? Do you provide help with résumé writing? If I attend a lecture, do you offer___________(babysitting, child care)?Idioms and Other Vocabulary
Absentee ballot: system where people can mail in their vote because they will be away when voting takes place where they vote
Audiobooks: books that you can listen to from recordings on cassette tapes or CDs
Babysitting: service in which qualified people are hired to care for children while their parents are attending library programs
Book club: group where people read the same book or author and meet to discuss what they have read
Book drop: place to return books that are on time, not overdue
Book signings: events at which authors autograph or sign books for sale that they have written
Branch: location, some libraries have several branches
Broad array: a wide range, many choices.
Check it out (also take it out): remove from the library, with permission, to read and then return to the library
Citizenship classes: classes to help people prepare to take the citizenship test
Due: the date when the book must be returned to the library
E-book: book in a digital format (nonpaper)
ESL, ESOL: English as a Second Language, English for Speakers of Other Languages
Fine: A small amount of money, usually figured out by each day late, that you pay to the library when you don’t return a book on time.
Foreign-language books: books printed in your language or another language other than English (In addition to reading in English, which you are learning, you may need or want to read something in your language.)
Function: work as
Highly trained: trained carefully for the work they do
Large-print book: book printed in larger than usual type (These books are easier to read for older people and people with vision problems.)
Librarians: people who have studied and have degrees in library science
Loan (also lend): give someone a book or other library media that must be returned
Occasional: happening or occurring sometimes
Overdue: late, after the time it should be returned
Partner with: join with, do together with
Reference book: book with specific information needed for many people to use at the library (Examples are a book of maps [atlas], a dictionary, and an encyclopedia.)
Register to vote: sign up to vote in elections
Restrooms: bathrooms, men’s and ladies’ rooms (The word toilets is used for these rooms in many countries but is not accepted as a polite way to say it in the United States.)
Résumé: a written description of educational and work experience used when applying for work
Self-help: materials to help or learn by yourself, on your own, without a teacher or a class
Sites: locations where something happened or is happening
Story hours: programs for young children in which a library employee reads stories to groups of children
Unlimited: without a set beginning or end
Waiting list: a list of names of people who want a book that is unavailable because someone has checked it out of the library (If you are on a waiting list, the library will call you or send you an e-mail when the book becomes available.)
Part 3 Notes Section
PART 4
Around Town
Active Learning Advice:
Speak English in One Room
Speak English in One Room
Speak English with family or friends when you are in one particular room. For example, “Every time we are in the kitchen, we’ll speak English.” You can even write words in English on Post-it Notes and put the notes on appliances, furniture, objects, and even food. You may also write English pronunciation hints on the Post-it Notes. Every time you open the refrigerator, say “refrigerator”; every time you have a glass of milk, say “glass” and “milk.”
At first it will be a relief to finish eating and leave the kitchen, but it will become easier and even fun. After several weeks, change rooms or add another room to label and in which to speak English. Keep doing the exercise in two rooms; don’t eliminate the first room. You will learn a lot of English vocabulary and have a good time. Check vocabulary pronunciation with a friend, a colleague, or on the computer.
After you master the words, you may say relevant sentences:
Pass the___________(salt, pepper, milk, butter, rice, vegetables), please. I really like___________(the chicken, the dessert, the new kitchen table).Culture Hints
Many ESL students confuse the pronunciation of kitchen and chicken. They may say, “I’m cooking dinner in the chicken.”
Dessert is a word that is easy to confuse with similar English words:
| dessert (n): a treat after a meal | /dezért/ |
| desert (n): dry arid land | /dézert/ |
| desert (v) abandon, leave | /dezért/ |
We ate our dessert in the desert before we had to desert the desert.
Idioms and Other Vocabulary
Colleague: person who works with you
Eliminate: take away
Label: put a note with information on something (objects in the room)
Master: be excellent at
Particular: special
Pass: give to another person
Post-it Notes: trademark name for a pad of sticky paper, used for notes
Relevant: having to do with a subject
CHAPTER 
Getting Around:
Asking Directions and Parking
Asking Directions and Parking
The chapters in Part 4 focus on the kinds of tasks and situations you’ll find as you move about your community, but first this chapter looks at simple logistics: finding your way and then parking.
In the United States, people are generally eager to help with advice, directions, and problem solving. People in this country are also usually patient when trying to understand and help someone whose first language is not English. Sometimes they offer help if you are standing on a street corner looking lost and in need of directions. Most of the time, however, you have to ask for the advice or help you need. In large major cities, people are often more rushed and may not have the time to discuss in detail the answers to your questions, so be prepared to look further for someone who is more available.
Phrases to Get Started Asking for Information
Excuse me … Pardon me … May I interrupt you? Please, can you help me? I am new to this area. I am lost. I’m a little turned around.Many public facilities, shops, and companies will list directions on their own websites, so before planning a trip, take a quick check for this service. Usually, these sources provide the best directions. Other websites offering maps and general directions aren’t always up-to-date on road closures or traffic changes. Bus, train, and other public transportation systems offer directions and schedules—often available at their websites for download. However, sometimes these change frequently, so make sure you have the latest information.
A vehicle is necessary to get around in most areas of the United States. Large cities such as New York or Chicago may be exceptions because there are many modes of public transportation available: train, subway, bus, taxicab, and, of course, walking. If you choose to use a car, you may, of course, buy, lease, and even rent for a day.
Reminder: Before you drive in the United States, familiarize yourself with the traffic signs and lights, because they may differ from those in your country. Driving rules differ from state to state in the United States, so make sure you know them as well.
Phrases for Asking Directions
I am lost. Could you give me directions? I am confused. Do you know the way to___________(destination)? Could you help me with directions? I need to get to ___________(destination). I think I made a wrong turn somewhere. Where is the highway entrance ramp? Can you tell me where___________(destination) is? Do you know where___________(destination) is? Where is___________(destination)? Can you direct me to the nearest gas station? I___________ (am low on gas, need air in my tires). Which way is the bus/train station? I am trying to get to___________(destination). Can you help me? How do I get to___________(destination)? Where can I find a convenience store? I am looking for a___________(Chinese, Japanese, Greek, Spanish, French, Italian, typical American, fast-food, takeout, vegetarian, inexpensive) restaurant. Is there a cash machine nearby? I am trying to find the post office. Could you please tell me where it is? What is the___________(easiest, best, most direct, shortest, fastest) way to get to___________(destination)? I’m lost! Can you please show me where the___________ (elevators, escalators) are? Is Dr. Smith in this building? Are there restrooms on this floor? Can you direct me to the___________(men’s, women’s) restrooms? Thank you for your help. I appreciate your help.Parking Downtown
You’ll find that the annoyance of finding parking in busy cities is the subject of much U.S. small talk!
Phrases for Parking Situations
Where is a___________(parking lot, parking garage)? Is there a parking garage near here? May I park on the street? Is this free parking? Can I park here overnight, or does this garage close and at what time? This parking meter is broken. Will I get a ticket or get towed? Excuse me. Do you have to pay for parking on Sundays? Do you have change for a dollar? Do you have quarters for the meter? Where is the pay machine? Do I need to get my ticket validated?Idioms and Other Vocabulary
Convenience store: store that is easy to get to and sells food and other products that may be needed quickly, often part of a gas station
Modes: ways or manners of travel
Pay machine: a machine used for street or parking lot payment
Towed: pulled away from an illegal parking spot by a truck used for this purpose
Validated: stamped, in the store where you have been, for free parking
CHAPTER 
Gas and Service Stations
Gas stations and service stations provide unrelated services in many states. This chapter offers perfect phrases related to these stations.
Gas Stations
Gas stations provide gasoline. In two states in the contiguous United States, New Jersey and Oregon, it is illegal to fill up your own gas tank. You must wait for an attendant to help you. In other states, there is self-service gasoline dispensing; you pay for the gas you want inside a convenience store on the premises, and then an attendant pushes a button to open the tank for you to help yourself to the gasoline. There is also the option to pay at the pump with a credit or debit card. Some stations may offer assistance in pumping the gas for a fee.
Most stations also provide a hose for you to use for putting air in your tires, if you have to use this. To use the air dispenser, you need to deposit coins into it.
Negative Prefixes
A good way to improve vocabulary is to learn affixes. Affixes are groups of letters added to the beginnings or ends of words to change their meanings. One type of affix is the prefix.
Prefixes, which are added to the beginning of a word, can change that word’s meaning. Some prefixes, in fact, change a word to a completely opposite—or negative—meaning. For example il- before legal makes legal into illegal, meaning not legal. Un- attached to the beginning of related makes unrelated, meaning not related. Here are some examples of words with negative prefixes:
Illegible means difficult to read; legible is easily read.
Illiterate describes someone who has not learned to read and write; literate is able to read and write.
Unable means not able to do something; able is capable of doing something.
Unaccustomed means not used to, not familiar with; accustomed means the opposite.
Other negative prefixes include in- (incorrect means not correct), dis- (dishonest means not honest), im- (immature means not mature), ir- (irregular means not regular), and non- (nonrefundable means cannot be returned to get one’s money back).
Suffixes are added at the ends of words to change the meanings of these words. Examples of suffixes are -less and -ful. They can change the word care (to think something or someone is important enough to pay attention to it or them): careful means trying hard to avoid doing something wrong or dangerous, and careless means not paying enough attention to avoid doing something wrong or dangerous.
Phrases to Use at a Gas Station
Fill it up. Fill ’er up with___________(super, regular, premium, diesel), please. I’d like___________($10, $20, a full tank) of___________ (super, regular, premium, diesel), please. What___________(credit, debit) cards do you accept? Do you take___________(MasterCard, Visa, American Express, traveler’s checks)? May I pay with___________(cash, charge card, debit card, traveler’s checks)? Is it___________(cheaper, less per gallon) if I pay cash? How much is (super, regular, premium, diesel) if I pay cash? Is this a self-service station? Do you provide refueling assistance? Where do I pay for the gas? Do you have a___________(restroom, ladies’ room, men’s room, bathroom, lavatory) available? I also want to buy a few things in the convenience store. Should I do that before or after I get the gas? I need some things in the store. May I___________(pay for them at the same time I pay for the gas, use my credit card for both transactions)? I need some air in my tires. Where is the dispenser? How much is the air? Can you give me___________(some change, change for a dollar)?Service Stations
A service station is where you would take your vehicle for regular servicing like an oil change or a wide range of repairs from the simple to the more complex. Service stations may be operated in conjunction with gas stations or as separate entities.
Some stations are licensed to issue valid state inspection stickers after performing an inspection. They charge for this service, even though the DMV (Department of Motor Vehicles) performs inspections for free. Although DMV is the term used in many states, other terms for this state-run department may be used in other states.
People sometimes prefer to pay and have the inspection done at the service station, because often there are long lines and waits at the DMV for this service. A service station may conduct the inspection by appointment or, if employees aren’t busy, on the spot. A valid inspection sticker on a car’s windshield, or some other form of documentation, is necessary to avoid being in violation of the law. Each state can supply you with safety and emission standards needed to pass inspection.
Phrases You May Hear at a Service Station
Do you need___________(a tune-up, an oil change)? Your oil is low. You need a new___________(oil filter, air filter). Check the tires? Check the transmission fluid? One of your headlights is out. The mechanic can explain this to you. Your left front tire is low. Yes, we can patch tires.Phrases to Use at a Service Station
Can you check out my car? The___________(engine, starter, brake, windshield wipers) sound(s) strange. I hear knocking in the engine. What is the problem with my car? Does the right rear tire look low to you? I need___________(an oil change, new tires, an inspection). When can I bring the car in? Do I need to make an appointment? ___________(Should, May) I wait for my car? How long do you think I’ll have to wait? Can you inspect the car and issue the documentation while I wait? When can I___________(return for, pick up, come back for) my car? Can you give me___________(an estimate, a written estimate) for the repair? My insurance company wants the estimate in writing. Will you accept my automobile insurance? Do you provide loaner cars? Is there a warranty for___________(parts, service)? How long is the warranty for?Other Auto Resources
Other automobile venues are body shops. If your car has been in an accident, you will have to go to or may be towed to a body shop. For this, you need to involve your insurance company. Automobile insurance coverage is necessary in the United States. Towing is usually covered by this insurance. Your insurance agent can be helpful in these situations.
There are many specialist car businesses that offer lube jobs, brake repair or replacement, and transmission work. Some are expert at patching tires or selling new and used tires.
There are also car washes. You may take your car to an area where there is equipment to wash and clean your own car. Other choices include car washes where you sit in your car as it is automatically moved along the cycle through wash, rinse, and air-dry. At another kind of car wash, the car is automatically moved through the cycle without anyone in the car. Both kinds of automatic car washes usually include hand-drying of the car by attendants when the car exits the cycle. Car wash choices include full service (cleaning the exterior and interior), only exterior cleaning, and waxing.
Idioms and Other Vocabulary
Air filter: car part that removes insects and particles so they don’t reach the engine
Body shops: places where the main structure of an automobile is repaired
Contiguous: connected (The contiguous states are not separated by water or another country.)
Convenience store: store that is easy to get to and sells food and other products that may be needed quickly, often part of a gas station
Deposit: put in or into
Dispenser: machine that provides a product
Dispensing: giving out a product
DMV: Department of Motor Vehicles, state department (in some states) that handles driver’s licenses, automobile registrations, and automobile inspections
Emission: a gas or other substance sent into the air, in this case by car engines
Entities: separate units
Estimate: what a company figures a cost to be
Fee: amount of money required
Fill ’er up: reduced speech for fill her up, fill up the gas tank (People say “her” because cars are considered female.)
Illegal: not lawful
In conjunction with: together with
Issue: give out
Loaner cars: cars that a place gives you to drive while workers repair your car
Lube jobs: services to lubricate (oil) parts of a car’s engine
Oil filter: part that prevents the oil in the car from getting dirty
On the spot: not planned, immediately
Premises: land nearby
Provide: give, offer
Refueling: putting gasoline into a gas tank
Self-service: doing it yourself without help
State inspection stickers: sticker required by some states to show that a car has passed the required inspection (stickers are pieces of paper with writing on them made to attach, with adhesive, to a car’s windshield)
Towed: pulled by a truck when not able to be driven
Tune-up: check of the car’s engine and whatever repairs are needed for the car to run better
Unrelated: not connected
Valid: legal
Venues: places where events happen
Warranty: written promise to replace or repair something that is not as it should be
Waxing: adding a layer of wax on a car after washing it
Windshield: front window on a vehicle
CHAPTER 
The Supermarket
In the United States, most people buy food and other household items in a supermarket. Also, some city neighborhoods have mini markets and ethnic markets. Many convenience stores—for example, Wawa, 7-Eleven, and Quick Chek—offer food items. These are for convenience and may cost more money. They are for last-minute purchases or emergencies.
You may hear people refer to a supermarket as the market, the grocery store, or the food market. When people are going to buy food, they may say they are going food shopping, to buy groceries, or to the market. In the United States, supermarkets are self-service with special areas within them that offer meats, fish and shellfish, deli items, and bakery items. In these areas, employees may serve you by describing items and ingredients, slicing, weighing, wrapping, packaging, and providing special food requests you may have. They may also offer free tastings of new food products. Listen to the speaker system for specials, tastings, and other store announcements.
Phrases You May Hear at the Supermarket
May I help you? May I help you find something? Today’s specials are___________(two products for the price of one, buy one get one free, $1.99 today only). Watch your step. There’s a spill in this aisle. Aisle 4 is closed briefly while we clear up a breakage. You can find that in aisle 4. You’ll find coffee in aisle 10. Would you like to try this new sauce? No, we do not sell liquor in supermarkets in this state. I’m sorry. I don’t work here. I’m just stocking the shelves with my company’s product.Phrases You May Hear at Checkout
Will that be cash or charge? Debit or credit card? Paper or plastic? Do you want to donate___________($1, $2, $3) to ___________(the local food bank, the American Heart Association, the ASPCA, MADD)? Do you have any coupons? Do you have a store card? We deduct 5 cents from your total for every recyclable bag you bring and use. Here’s your receipt. Save your receipts. Once you’ve spent___________($100, $200), you may have a free turkey for the holiday. Once you’ve spent___________($50, $100, $200), you’ll earn a___________($10 gift card, discount on your next purchase). May I bring your bags to your car? No, there is no charge. (Note: Tips may be welcome.) Thank you. Have a nice day. Do you have a receipt? If you want to return this, we need a receipt.Phrases to Use at the Supermarket
Where can I find a shopping cart? Are there any more carts with child seats? There aren’t any more shopping carts___________(outside, in the parking lot, in here). Where is the___________(food court, salad bar, deli department)? Can you direct me to the___________(dairy, meat, produce, bakery, laundry detergents, coffee, deli, frozen foods) section? I don’t see any___________(extra-lean beef, skinless chicken breasts, dark-meat chicken, meat for roasting) in the meat case. Could you please trim the fat off of this cut of meat? Do you carry wild salmon or only farmed salmon? I’m looking for___________(whole wheat pasta, cereal, chips, frozen dinners, salsa). Can you help me? Do you have an organic produce section? Do you have___________(dairy-free, gluten-free, wheat-free) ___________(bread, crackers, pasta, desserts)? Where are the fresh flowers? Excuse me. I can’t seem to find___________(cut fruit, packaged salad, low-fat popcorn).Phrases to Use at the Supermarket: Problems
All of the___________(milk, cheese, yogurt, salad) of this brand expires tomorrow. Don’t you have anything with a later expiration date? You advertised that this product is on sale, but I cannot find it. Are you sold out of this week’s special? If it’s out of stock, do you substitute another? Last month I bought soy chocolate pudding. I cannot find it today. Did you stop carrying it? Where can I return this item? The can is dented. This package was already opened. When I opened the package, the___________(cheese, yogurt, milk) was spoiled. I’d like a refund or a fresh product, please. Excuse me. The box of___________(tissues, cereal, pasta) that I want is too high. Could you please get it down for me?Phrases to Use at the Supermarket: Other Services
Where is the manager’s office? Where is the courtesy counter? Do you sell stamps? How do I get a store card? Is there a___________(bank, ATM, eating area, food court) in this store? Where is your pharmacy? I’d like to pick up this prescription when I’m through shopping in about 30 minutes. Is that OK? Where are the___________(restrooms, bathrooms)? (Don’t say “toilets.”) Where is the ladies’ room? Do you have a recycling center? I heard that this market offers cooking classes. Where can I learn more? Do you carry___________(vitamins, beach toys, beach chairs, gloves)? Can you direct me to___________(socks, pantyhose, headbands, cotton balls)?Phrases to Use at the Supermarket: Checking Out
Do you accept coupons? Do you accept___________(this discount card, personal checks, traveler’s checks)? I forgot my store card. I’ll give you my phone number. ___________(Paper, Plastic), please. I have my own bags. Please don’t make the bags too heavy; I have to carry them upstairs. Excuse me. May I get___________(through, past you, in front of you), please? I only want to add this one item to my wife’s order; she is in front of you. You only have a few items; you may go ahead of me in line. The express lane is closed. Do you mind if I go before you with just this one item? Thank you.Idioms and Other Vocabulary
ASPCA: American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
Carrying: keeping in stock in the store
Coupons: special offers found in newspapers or given out by the stores
Courtesy counter: counter where customers go for service
Deli (informal for delicatessen): place in a supermarket where prepared foods and salads, cheese, cooked meats, and other items are sold by weight
Dented: bent in
Ethnic: relating to a certain race or nation
Expiration: time after which food is no longer fresh
Extra-lean: having most or all of the fat cut off
Farmed salmon (also farm-raised salmon): salmon that swam in contained pools
Food court: booths with different foods sold near tables and chairs at which to eat
Household items: items used within the home such as paper products and cleaning supplies
MADD: Mothers Against Drunk Driving
OK: acceptable
Organic produce: fruits and vegetables grown without the use of pesticides, grown naturally
Out of stock: not in the store
Paper or plastic?: Do you want a plastic bag or paper sack for your groceries?
Pharmacy (also drugstore): place to buy prescription drugs
Salad bar: place where you may make your own salad with cut vegetables and other items
Speaker system: electronic announcement system
Specials: good deals
Spoiled: ruined, not good to eat
Stocking: putting on the shelves
Substitute: put in place of
Supermarket: large store that sells food and many other products
Through: finished (The term also has other meanings, such as going from one end to another.)
Tips: gratuities, money given in appreciation of service
Tissues: paper products often referred to by one brand name, Kleenex
Trim: cut off, get rid of
Wild salmon: salmon that swam freely in the ocean
CHAPTER 
Shopping, Personal Services, and Entertainment
When you resettle into a new country, there are needs that must have immediate attention. Food, clothing, personal and health needs all fall into that category. Most of those immediate needs have been covered in the previous chapters. This chapter offers perfect phrases for less-urgent, more-everyday needs, such as shopping in a department store, getting your hair cut, or finding a dry cleaner.
Phrases for Shopping in a Department Store
Where can I find women’s shoes? Do you carry___________(cosmetics, children’s games, greeting cards, cookware, jewelry)? I’m traveling out of the country. Do you have a luggage department? Where are the___________(dressing rooms, fitting rooms)? I would like to see this dress in a size 10. My husband prefers polo shirts. May I return this if it doesn’t fit? What is your warranty policy? This was on the sale rack, but it isn’t marked down. Could you scan it, please? No one is at the cash register in Boys’ Clothes. May I ___________(buy, pay for, check out) these at your register? Are these coupons still valid? I’ve had this gift card for more than a year. May I still use it? I was told I needed to check with Customer Service; where is it? I would like to return these shoes. Here is my receipt. Can you direct me to the___________(elevator, escalator)? Is there a gift-wrapping section? Does this store have a restaurant, or do I have to go out and find a freestanding one in the___________(mall, strip mall, shopping center)? Which exit leads to the mall?Phrases for Ordering Take-Out Food
Hello. Is this___________(name of restaurant)? I’d like an order to go. Yes, I’d like it delivered. I’ll pick it up. When will it be ready? Please put the salad dressing on the side. Please include plastic utensils and straws. Do you sell___________(soda, iced tea, bottled water)? May I add the tip to my credit card now? Is there a delivery charge?Phrases for Going to the Dry Cleaner
What time do you close? What time do you open? What are your hours? May I have these clothes back___________(tomorrow, in two days, Thursday)? I’d like this___________(dress, skirt, jacket, suit) pressed only. I’d like these shirts on hangers, please. No starch, please. Do you offer pickup and delivery service? I’m sorry. This___________(pair of pants, sweater, jacket, dress) still has a___________(spot, stain). Can you get it out? Do you launder___________(quilts, tablecloths)? What would you charge to store our winter coats? Do you clean___________(leather, suede, fur, wedding dresses)? Oh, so where do you suggest I take it? Do you have someone who does alterations? I’d like to re-hem these slacks. I’d like this skirt taken in. This shirt needs new buttons sewn on.Phrases for Visiting the Beauty Parlor, Beauty Salon, or Hair Salon
Do you take walk-ins? What do you charge for a___________(haircut, one-process color, manicure, pedicure)? I’d like an appointment for___________(a wash and blow-dry, a trim). I have very___________(curly, wiry, straight, unmanageable, thick) hair. What product do you suggest for dry hair? May I have a___________(towel, pillow) under my neck when you shampoo my hair? Please don’t blow-dry my hair. I like to air-dry. Can you take a little more off the___________(sides, back)? Can you match my color? Please don’t make it red. Do you use natural coloring? I’d like highlights. Do you take personal checks? May I pay with my credit card and add an amount for cash back for a tip? How long does a pedicure take? Do you have a mini pedicure? What are the new colors this season for manicures? Just a clear coat, please.Phrases for Visiting a Barber Shop
How long is the wait? Do you make appointments? I just want a trim. I like my sideburns___________(long, short) and ___________(above, in the middle of, below) my ear. Can you take a little off the___________(top, back, sides)? Do you dye hair here? I part my hair on___________(the left, the right). I prefer to have my hair brushed back. I’d like my___________(beard, moustache, sideburns) trimmed. Please don’t use hair spray. Thanks, but I would rather not have after-shave lotion. Do you offer manicures? Can I get a shave here? I don’t like my razor, and the scissors I packed aren’t good. Do you do children’s hair?Entertainment
You may want to add some entertainment to your schedule. This can be anything from a playground to the opera. The Internet, a local telephone book, a travel guidebook for your area, and recommendations help. Also, don’t forget the public library in the neighborhood where you are living. The librarian can direct you to local newspapers that tell of events and list telephone numbers to get additional information. There are many groups that are dedicated to specific interests such as music clubs, book clubs, and organizations for every hobby or interest imaginable. Share your thoughts with the librarian; he or she will be able to direct you to what you want.
Phrases for Going to the Movies
Are the matinees less expensive, or only the earliest matinee? How much is a___________(senior, student) ticket? Do you have handicapped seating? Where are the restrooms? Excuse me. There___________(are no paper towels, is no toilet paper) in the ladies’ room. How much is the___________(popcorn, small soda, candy bar, water)? Does this movie theater serve pizza and hot dogs or just popcorn, candy, and drinks? I dropped my cell phone on the floor during the movie. Can you help me find it? Excuse me. Would you mind moving over one seat so that my ___________(husband, friend, child) and I can sit together?Idioms and Other Vocabulary
Air-dry: let the air dry it
Beard: facial hair on the chin
Cash back: money returned to you as cash when the cashier charges more on your credit card than the amount of your purchase
Cookware: pots and pans for cooking
Dressing rooms (or fitting rooms): area in a store where you can put on clothes to see them before buying them
Freestanding: building that stands by itself, unattached to any other structure
Jewelry: necklaces, bracelets, rings, earrings
Matinees: morning and afternoon shows
Moustache: facial hair under the nose
No starch: don’t put starch (a product that makes the material stiff) in the shirts
On the side: in a separate container, rather than mixed into the salad.
Pressed only: just ironed, not cleaned
Scan it: Scan the ticket at the register (The code may show a lower price.)
Sideburns: hair growing down a man’s face in front of his ears
Store: keep at the cleaners until the next winter
Strip mall: a group of stores in a row with parking in front and back
To go: packaged to leave the restaurant so you don’t eat the food there (You can eat take-out food at home, at your work, or in your car.)
Trim: a small amount of hair cut off to make one look neater
Utensils: knives, forks, spoons
Walk-ins: customers who walk in without appointments
Part 4 Notes Section
Appendix
Becoming an Active Learner in Your New Country
If you are a reader, it is going to be easier to read in your native language. However, now you are reading for different reasons, not only for content, so you have to read in the target language, English. You are now reading for English vocabulary, clues from context, word similarity to words in your language, grammar, idioms, and slang. Therefore, read whatever you can get your hands on. Start simple and build up: read captions under pictures, headlines, and ads in newspapers that are too difficult to read in their entirety now. Read children’s books, with or without children. All libraries have children’s sections, and their librarians are very helpful. Additionally, there are interesting and informative yet easy ESL newspapers. One such paper is Easy English News. This paper contains news stories, information about U.S. culture, stories about holidays and events, letters from ESL students, idioms, jokes, crossword puzzles with answers, and vocabulary words defined. Check out the website, www.elizabethclaire.com, and click on “Easy English News.”
When you are reading something, you may find words you do not understand. If there is time, resist the urge to pull out your automatic translator or bilingual dictionary. Use an English dictionary, but an easy one, which will define the word in English at your level. Getting the definition will take longer, but you will gain more vocabulary, perhaps see a drawing, and get a grammar explanation. McGraw-Hill offers many fine dictionaries of this type. Some may even have accompanying CDs so you may listen to the pronunciation of the words you are trying to define.
Always carry a small pad of paper and a pen or pencil with you in a pocket, a purse or pocketbook, or a briefcase. Write down anything you hear or read that you need to find out about later. You may hear unfamiliar idioms (“It’s raining cats and dogs today”) or slang (“I ate a humongous hamburger last night, so I don’t want any lunch”). This writing is for your eyes only to jog your memory, so you don’t have to make it perfect. Some of it can be in your native language.
Keep a journal in English. This can be in a larger notebook at home. Set aside a short time—at first, ten minutes—to write in your journal. Write in your journal every day, even if it is only a sentence or two to start. Write your thoughts about learning English, work, your new life, playing tennis. Write about your feelings, even if you have to write them in your own language, and look up the definitions for these feelings later.
Listen to the radio in the car, music lyrics, talk radio, the news. Watch TV, closed captioning, cartoons, and anything else. Even when you don’t understand, listening to the sound of the language is helpful. Call a telephone number where you know nobody will answer (a movie theater, a business closed on weekends, a utility company, the weather, the time), and listen to the recorded message. Try to understand the prompts. Think about which voices are pleasing to you and which are not and why. Try to pattern your speech after the pleasant ones.
Books on CDs are other good avenues to try; you may listen to only a few minutes to see what you understand or get the book and read and listen at the same time. You may find a book that you have read in your language so that you are familiar with the setting, the characters, and the plot. Immerse yourself in English as much as you are able to. This does not mean you have to deprive yourself, or your children, of the joy of using your language; it means committing yourself to learning your new language as well and becoming truly bilingual.
Crossword puzzles are a great way to work on vocabulary. Don’t start out with difficult ones; that could be frustrating. Try crossword puzzles for children or the ones in ESL books, magazines, or newspapers. There is much on the Internet, and a lot of it is very good and easily accessible. Check out Dave’s ESL Café, www.eslcafe.com, and click on “Stuff for Students.” This is only one of many sites, but an exciting one.
When speaking, always remember to speak English more slowly than you speak your own language. You will be surprised at the difference it makes in your intelligibility. Also, although you may be trying to hide your voice because you are insecure about your English, speak loudly and project your voice. If people can’t hear you, you’ll never really know if they could have understood you.
Idioms and Other Vocabulary
Briefcase: case with a handle used by businesspeople to carry papers
Clues: hints, information that helps you figure something out
Context: words that surround a word you are trying to figure out the meaning of (These words may help you to do so without having to look up the word.)
Crossword puzzles: forms in which you write the answers to questions or clues in a block pattern
Deprive: take something wanted away from someone
Entirety: complete form
Frustrating: making you feel upset because you cannot do what you want to do
Get your hands on: find
Handbag: see Pocketbook
Humongous: giant, very big
Immerse: put deep into
Insecure: without confidence in yourself
Intelligibility: ability to be understood
Jog: make you remember something
Jokes: funny stories that are supposed to make people laugh
Lyrics: words to music
Pocketbook (also purse or handbag): bag that ladies carry in which to put items they need, such as keys, money, cosmetics, and identification cards
Project your voice: speak so you are heard by everyone in a room
Prompts: what you hear when voice mail answers the telephone and tells you what to press or push to be connected
Purse: see Pocketbook
Resist: stop yourself
Set aside: plan for, schedule
Urge: strong desire or need to do something
About the Author
Natalie Gast (Hollywood, Florida) founded Customized Language Skills Training (CLST), a full-service language-training company in 1986. CLST provided tailor-made on-site training programs, including English as a Second Language (ESL), Accent Modification, Presentation Skills, and Writing Skills for the Foreign Born in business and industry. She also developed train-the-trainer programs for ESL instructors. Gast codeveloped “Supervising and Coaching Multicultural Workforces,” cultural diversity materials and instructional sessions for several industries. She is the author of Perfect Phrases for ESL: Everyday Business Life and Perfect Phrases for ESL: Advancing Your Career. Gast earned her undergraduate degree at Boston University; her master’s degree work in TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) was done at Kean University, New Jersey. She moved from New Jersey to Hollywood, Florida, in 2010, where she consults in ESOL (English for Speakers of Other Languages), as it is called in Florida. Gast also conducts selected coaching and training programs.